Today marks the 79th anniversary of the 228 Incident, an anti-government protest that began on Taipei’s Dihua Street (迪化街) the morning after a Taiwanese widow — accused of selling contraband cigarettes — was assaulted by Monopoly Bureau agents. What began as public outrage over official abuse and corruption escalated into a brutal crackdown by the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) that left thousands dead, many more imprisoned and countless families permanently scarred.
In the weeks that followed the incident, troops dispatched from China carried out mass arrests and executions. Local elites — intellectuals, students, doctors and community leaders — were rounded up, detained or disappeared. Estimates of the total death toll range from 10,000 to 30,000, and the precise number remains contested.
However, the breadth of the repression and the climate of fear it entrenched is undisputed. For decades, the families of the victims were denied truth, recognition and justice, while those who ordered and implemented the crackdown escaped meaningful accountability.
On Thursday, the head of Academia Historica Chen Yi-shen (陳儀深) said that former president Chiang Kai-shek (蔣介石) bears the greatest responsibility for the tragedy, citing documentary evidence that he ignored dissenting voices within the government, authorized troop deployments and approved the suppression campaign.
That assessment reflects a growing consensus — while it was corruption and abuse by local officials that ignited public anger, ultimate authority rested with the central government. Decisions made at the highest level shaped the scale and severity of the government’s response.
Throughout the four decades of martial law that followed the incident, tens of thousands were imprisoned on charges of sedition or espionage, often after perfunctory or secret trials. Political dissent was criminalized, media tightly controlled and civic life constricted.
The trauma of the Incident was compounded by countless years of silence. Families were left with no choice but to whisper their grief in private, wary that even remembrance would invite suspicion.
Nearly eight decades have passed, and younger Taiwanese have no living memory of the events. Yet survivors remain, as do the children and grandchildren of those who were executed, jailed or exiled. Their stories are not abstractions from a distant past — they are lived experiences that continue to shape family histories and collective consciousness.
Speaking at a commemorative event on Thursday, President William Lai (賴清德) emphasized that a society must have the courage to face the truth of its past rather than fear it. Only by acknowledging historical wrongdoing, he said, can wounds begin to heal and trust be rebuilt.
Lai’s message warrants affirmation. Confronting uncomfortable chapters in a nation’s history is not an act of division, but rather a prerequisite for reconciliation grounded in honesty. Suppressing or distorting historical records, by contrast, risks reopening old fractures.
Taiwan’s democratic transition has been neither linear nor effortless. From the lifting of martial law in 1987 to the first direct presidential election in 1996 and successive peaceful transfers of power, the nation has undertaken a profound political transformation.
Institutions have strengthened, civil society has flourished and open debate has become a defining feature of public life. However, democracy is not self-sustaining — it requires vigilance, civic participation and a shared commitment to constitutional norms.
The legacy of the 228 Incident is both a warning of how quickly unchecked authority and institutional impunity can erode basic rights and a testament to the resilience of a society that, despite repression, ultimately reclaimed its voice.
Remembering this day is not about perpetuating grievance. It is about safeguarding the principles that emerged in the decades that followed — accountability, political pluralism and respect for human dignity.
As Taiwan continues to navigate complex domestic debates and escalating external pressure undermining its sovereignty, unity need not mean uniformity. It calls for a collective recognition that the democratic freedoms now taken for granted — freedom of speech, of assembly, of the press and of the ballot — remain contingent upon continued vigilance.
Today is one of mourning, commemoration and appreciation. Mourning for the lives that were lost and the freedoms that were taken away, commemoration for the courage of those who resisted an oppressive political system and appreciation for the progress the nation has achieved in the 79 years since that dark chapter.
In remembering 228 with clarity and resolve, Taiwan affirms not only its past, but the democratic future it has chosen and continues to build.
After more than a year of review, the National Security Bureau on Monday said it has completed a sweeping declassification of political archives from the Martial Law period, transferring the full collection to the National Archives Administration under the National Development Council. The move marks another significant step in Taiwan’s long journey toward transitional justice. The newly opened files span the architecture of authoritarian control: internal security and loyalty investigations, intelligence and counterintelligence operations, exit and entry controls, overseas surveillance of Taiwan independence activists, and case materials related to sedition and rebellion charges. For academics of Taiwan’s White Terror era —
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