Want to guess what the most dangerous animal in the world is? When my team asked children in Edinburgh during a public outreach event with schools, they said sharks, alligators, spiders and lions. All good guesses, but none on target.
The deadliest animal is the mighty mosquito, which kills more than 1 million people a year. Almost 700 million people contract a mosquito-borne illness each year. Mosquitoes carry serious diseases such as malaria, dengue fever, West Nile virus, Zika virus and chikungunya that not only kill, but also result in pain, disability and prolonged illness.
Among mosquito-borne diseases, malaria is the most deadly. Scientists believe it has killed more people than any other disease spread by the insects in history.
It also remains stubbornly present in the modern world: There were 619,000 deaths and 247 million cases of malaria in 2021. African children are the main victims: 96 percent of deaths caused by malaria are in Africa, and children under the age of five make up about 80 percent of the victims. Within that region, deaths are mainly concentrated in four countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Niger, Nigeria and Tanzania.
It might feel like a disease that is far away and a low-income world problem, but with the climate crisis and broader roaming ranges of mosquitoes, mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue are re-emerging in the US and Europe.
This past summer, Florida had local transmission of malaria, meaning several residents caught the disease from being bitten by a mosquito at home, rather than traveling abroad. These were the first cases of malaria in the US in 20 years.
Part of what makes malaria so hard to eliminate is the wily mosquito itself. In regions where mosquitoes are ubiquitous, avoiding getting bitten is pretty much impossible, especially for young children. Public health workers have tried things such as insecticide-treated bed nets, only to find that it is difficult to make children sleep under them and that mosquitoes can develop a resistance to insecticides.
For decades, scientists have hoped a vaccine could provide a straightforward solution, but that has also been a challenge. Malaria is not caused by a virus, but by a more complex parasitic species called plasmodium that is excellent at evading the human immune system by constantly shape-shifting inside the body — all of which makes it very hard to target with a vaccine.
Yet persistence, brilliance and creativity have come together for a team at the University of Oxford, who have finally succeeded with a new malaria vaccine called R21.
A Lancet preprint paper reports that R21 is 75 percent effective at preventing disease in areas where malaria is seasonal, for example where it tends to emerge only during the rainy season, and 67 percent effective where malaria is standard, in children aged between five and 36 months.
A world-first malaria vaccine developed by the pharmaceutical firm GlaxoSmithKline in 2021 showed similar effectiveness data, but the R21 vaccine is half the cost, coming in at US$2 to US$4 per dose.
A difference of just a few dollars might not seem like much, but in nations where malaria is prevalent, per capita health spending is very low. In Nigeria it is US$15 a year, in the DRC it is US$13 a year and in Tanzania it is US$35 a year. Compare that with the UK, where health spending was ￡4,188 (US$5,093) per person in 2021.
The authors of the preprint also report that it is already possible to manufacture 100 million to 200 million doses of R21 a year at the Serum Institute of India, with Burkina Faso, Ghana and Nigeria already approving the vaccine for use.
In the countries hit hardest by malaria, there is very little money available for basic healthcare: Cost makes the difference in what life-saving vaccines and medicines are available or not. This is why the Oxford vaccine integration of science, cost and supply could massively reduce the number of lives lost to malaria.
Malaria was endemic in the southern US until public efforts by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to eliminate the disease in 1951. As long as there are mosquitoes — which outnumber humans by 16,000 to one worldwide — and temperatures are rising, diseases in one part of the world can easily spread anywhere else.
Regardless of malaria’s trajectory and geographical spread, it is estimated that the new R21 vaccine could save tens of thousands of lives, especially those of young children. That is pretty amazing news for global health — and for humanity.
Devi Sridhar is a professor and chair of global public health at the University of Edinburgh.
A Chinese diplomat’s violent threat against Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi following her remarks on defending Taiwan marks a dangerous escalation in East Asian tensions, revealing Beijing’s growing intolerance for dissent and the fragility of regional diplomacy. Chinese Consul General in Osaka Xue Jian (薛劍) on Saturday posted a chilling message on X: “the dirty neck that sticks itself in must be cut off,” in reference to Takaichi’s remark to Japanese lawmakers that an attack on Taiwan could threaten Japan’s survival. The post, which was later deleted, was not an isolated outburst. Xue has also amplified other incendiary messages, including one suggesting
Chinese Consul General in Osaka Xue Jian (薛劍) on Saturday last week shared a news article on social media about Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi’s remarks on Taiwan, adding that “the dirty neck that sticks itself in must be cut off.” The previous day in the Japanese House of Representatives, Takaichi said that a Chinese attack on Taiwan could constitute “a situation threatening Japan’s survival,” a reference to a legal legal term introduced in 2015 that allows the prime minister to deploy the Japan Self-Defense Forces. The violent nature of Xue’s comments is notable in that it came from a diplomat,
Before 1945, the most widely spoken language in Taiwan was Tai-gi (also known as Taiwanese, Taiwanese Hokkien or Hoklo). However, due to almost a century of language repression policies, many Taiwanese believe that Tai-gi is at risk of disappearing. To understand this crisis, I interviewed academics and activists about Taiwan’s history of language repression, the major challenges of revitalizing Tai-gi and their policy recommendations. Although Taiwanese were pressured to speak Japanese when Taiwan became a Japanese colony in 1895, most managed to keep their heritage languages alive in their homes. However, starting in 1949, when the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) enacted martial law
“Si ambulat loquitur tetrissitatque sicut anas, anas est” is, in customary international law, the three-part test of anatine ambulation, articulation and tetrissitation. And it is essential to Taiwan’s existence. Apocryphally, it can be traced as far back as Suetonius (蘇埃托尼烏斯) in late first-century Rome. Alas, Suetonius was only talking about ducks (anas). But this self-evident principle was codified as a four-part test at the Montevideo Convention in 1934, to which the United States is a party. Article One: “The state as a person of international law should possess the following qualifications: a) a permanent population; b) a defined territory; c) government;
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