A brisk wind ruffles yellow prayer flags as dozens of Tibetans, some on crutches, circle a shrine in a time-honored Buddhist ritual. Across the street, a red banner spells out a new belief system, one being enforced with increasing fervor by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
In Chinese and Tibetan script, the sign proclaims that Chinese President “Xi Jinping’s (習近平) new socialist ideology with Chinese characteristics is the guide for the whole party and all nationalities to fight for the great rejuvenation of China.”
It shows how the leadership in Beijing has put its imprint on virtually every aspect of life across the vast county.
Illustration: Constance Chou
Lately, that has increasingly encompassed religion, in central China and on its fringes, such as Tibet. The party is pressing a program to Sinicize Tibetan life through programs to separate Tibetans from their language, culture and especially their devotion to the Dalai Lama, Tibet’s traditional spiritual leader, who has been living in exile since 1959.
In the sun-drenched courtyard of Jokhang Temple, one of the holiest sites in Tibetan Buddhism, the head monk, Lhakpa, said that the Dalai Lama is not its spiritual leader. Asked who is, he said: “Xi Jinping.”
The Associated Press joined a rare and strictly controlled media tour to Tibet highlighting what the Chinese government described as the social stability and economic development of the region after 70 years of CCP rule. Stops included monasteries, temples, schools, poverty alleviation projects and tourist sites.
That appears to reflect the party’s confidence that it is prevailing in the global battle of public opinion over Tibet. As a counterweight, Tibet rights groups continue to report frequent detentions, economic marginalization, a suffocating security presence and heavy pressure to assimilate with China’s Han majority while pledging loyalty to the CCP.
Tibetans in exile say that they had effectively been independent for centuries, and accuse China of trying to wipe out Tibet’s Buddhist culture and language while exploiting its natural resources and encouraging Chinese to move there from other parts of the country.
Beijing says that Tibet has long been a part of China and that the communists liberated hundreds of thousands of illiterate serfs when they overthrew the ruling theocracy in 1951.
Security has been tightened significantly since widespread anti-government protests in 2008, shortly before the Beijing Summer Olympic Games, accompanied by redoubled efforts at economic development and the declining influence of Buddhism.
In the model village of Baji, east of the Tibetan capital, Lhasa, residents dressed in traditional garments told foreign journalists how poverty alleviation campaigns had changed their lives.
“Time has changed, so people’s demands have changed. People needed religious beliefs as their spiritual sustenance in old times, but now we don’t,” said Tsering Yudron, 25, an accountant.
The government points to the billions of dollars it has invested in roads, airports, railways, schools and hospitals, saying that development has doubled life expectancy, brought electrification, jobs and opportunities to a region that long lagged behind.
“Tibet has eradicated extreme poverty,” the government said in a report on Tibet in 2019. “People now lead better lives and live in contentment. A brand new socialist Tibet has taken shape.”
The impact on traditional culture has been stark. Like Christians and Muslims, Tibetan Buddhists have increasingly been pressured to Sinicize their religions under a program put forth by Xi, China’s most authoritarian leader since Mao Zedong (毛澤東).
While repression has been less harsh than in nearby Xinjiang, which has seen mass incarcerations of Muslim Uighurs, residents are under extreme pressure to monitor each other, and infractions can bring long prison sentences, rights groups say.
The party has evolved a system to control Tibetans through their faith, said Robert Barnett, a Tibet researcher at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London.
Especially since the 2008 protests, the government has sought to “get the love of the Communist Party into those Tibetan minds when they’re children,” he said.
From campuses to homes, portraits of Xi now hang from the walls of homes and temples as once did images of the Dalai Lama.
“Tibetan Buddhism should be guided in adapting to the socialist society and should be developed in the Chinese context,” Xi said during a meeting in Beijing focused on Tibet.
China has increasingly vilified the Dalai Lama, who fled Tibet amid a failed uprising against Chinese rule in 1959 and has in the past few years relinquished his political role as head of the self-proclaimed Tibetan government-in-exile.
Seeking to quell protests that pop up every decade or so, the CCP in 1996 banned all images of the Dalai Lama, excised the exiled leader from books and broadcasts, and installed cadres in most villages, monasteries and nunneries.
While the Dalai Lama says he seeks only meaningful autonomy under Chinese rule, Beijing accuses him of supporting terrorism and seeking to split Tibet from China, and has cut off all contacts with his representatives.
With the Dalai Lama soon to turn 86, attention has increasingly turned to the question of his succession, or reincarnation as traditional belief holds. The successor is traditionally identified by senior monastic disciples, based on spiritual signs and visions.
However, China says that only Beijing can appoint the next Dalai Lama in a ceremony using a golden urn to pick from among government-approved candidates.
“Reincarnation of living Buddhas, including the Dalai Lama, must comply with Chinese laws and regulations, and follow religious rituals and historical conventions,” a Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson said in 2019.
At a government-built university dedicated to Tibetan Buddhism outside Lhasa, more than 900 students study religion along with politics, law, computer science, Chinese and Tibetan. Among them are eight monks aged seven to 11, recognized as reincarnations, or “living Buddhas.”
Chalk art celebrating 70 years of China’s military takeover of Tibet adorns the wall next to a portrait of Xi in a class taught in Tibetan.
“We must adhere to the leadership of the party over the religious affairs and the Sinicization of religions. We must continue to accommodate the religions to the socialist system of China,” said Zhang Liangtian (張良田), the college’s top CCP official.
China has built a network of schools and institutions across Tibet to try and manufacture a “domesticated version” of Tibetan Buddhism to counter the leadership in exile, said Dibyesh Anand, head of the University of Westminster’s international relations department.
The goal is to change the very core of Tibetan Buddhism by generating confusion about the Dalai Lama and his leadership, and eventually to dismantle his legacy as a “paramount national leader,” Anand said.
Meanwhile, China has sought to elevate other spiritual figures, particularly Tibetan Buddhism’s second-ranking figure, the Panchen Lama.
A boy recognized by the Dalai Lama as the new Panchen Lama disappeared soon after, and Beijing produced its own successor, whose legitimacy is highly contested.
Zhang said that while the Dalai Lama had “betrayed his country,” the Panchen Lamas “love the country and the religion.”
Barnett said that the close management of schools is a campaign to change the minds of future generations of Tibetans to “push for removing the possibility that people will listen to the Dalai Lama if they even get to hear what he says.”
Still, China believes that it needs a religious leader to act as their proxy to control Tibet, Barnett said.
“It’s all about a long-term historical project to control the next Dalai Lama, even if you can’t control this one,” he added.
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