Residue on pottery from an archeological site has revealed the earliest evidence of beer brewing in China, left from a 5,000-year-old recipe, researchers said on Monday.
The artifacts show that people of the era had already mastered an “advanced beer-brewing technique” that contained elements from East and West, according to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a peer-reviewed US journal.
Yellowish residue gleaned from pottery funnels and wide-mouthed pots show traces of ingredients that had been fermented together — broomcorn millet, barley, a chewy grain known as Job’s tears and tubers.
“The discovery of barley is a surprise,” lead author Wang Jiajing of Stanford University said, saying it is the earliest known sign of barley in archeological materials from China. “This beer recipe indicates a mix of Chinese and Western traditions — barley from the West; millet, Job’s tears and tubers from China.”
The discovery indicates that barley made its way to China about 1,000 years earlier than previously believed.
Barley “may have been used as a beer-making ingredient long before it became an agricultural staple,” the study said.
The archeological site at Mijiaya includes two pits dating to between 3,400 and 2,900 BC.
It contains artifacts that point to beer brewing, filtration and underground storage, as well as stoves that may have been used to heat and mash grains.
However, it is impossible to know exactly how the beer tasted, researchers said, because they do not know the ingredients’ exact proportion.
“My guess is that the beer might have tasted a bit sour and a bit sweet,” Wang said. “Sour comes from fermented cereal grains, sweet from tubers.”
“The introduction of Middle Eastern barley into a Chinese drink fits with the special role of fermented beverages in social interactions and as an exotic ingredient which would appeal to emerging elite individuals,” said Patrick McGovern, an expert on biomolecular archeology at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology.
McGovern, who was not involved in the study, agreed the techniques used for brewing in China were advanced, and that “ancient peoples, including those at Mijiaya, applied the same principles and techniques as brewers do today.”
They knew to use heat to break down carbohydrates, and the underground location of the brew site “is very significant,” he added.
“A cool spot is important in controlling heat, which if it gets too high can destroy the enzymes responsible for the carbohydrate to sugar conversion,” he said.
Lower temperatures would also have been important for keeping the beverage cool in storage.
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