In the Kenyan slum of Kibera these days, the ancient cadences of the Muslim call to prayer compete with election propaganda blaring from loudspeakers.
With opposition candidate Raila Odinga holding onto a razor-thin lead over incumbent Kenyan President Mwai Kibaki, every pollster describes tomorrow's race as too close to call. It's a rare tight race on a continent where sitting presidents are usually re-elected, and in a country where an incumbent has never before faced a credible challenge.
Kenya's 3.5 million Muslims -- out of a population of 34 million -- may be the deciding factor.
"It's the first time that religious issues have played such a prominent part in national politics," said Karuti Kanyinga, a political scientist at the University of Nairobi's Institute for Development Studies. "Because the race is so close, candidates are looking for any issue that may pull voters over to their side."
And so, a campaign that has featured promises to clean up Kenya's notoriously corrupt government, thinly veiled appeals to tribal loyalties -- crowds of people supporting the rival candidates shouted tribal epithets and threw rocks at each other during rallies on Monday, prompting police to fire tear gas -- and bouts of violence have also focused to an unusual degree on Muslim grievances.
There are perceptions among Muslims they are being targeted in a war on terror in which Kibaki has allowed terror suspects to be deported from Kenya and sent to neighboring Ethiopia for questioning, in some cases by US agents. There are also concerns about delays in granting mainly Muslim ethnic minorities national identity cards, without which they cannot work, vote or own land and the constant poverty in the slums and along Kenya's coastline, where many residents are Muslim.
When Odinga signed an agreement in August with one leading Muslim forum promising to end the deportations and launch an inquiry into the issue, it dominated headlines for days.
Kibaki, who has said little about the deportations, responded in October by setting up a committee dedicated to looking at Muslim grievances, including the deportations.
An investigation by The Associated Press earlier this year confirmed some terror suspects were being deported to Ethiopia for questioning. Human rights activists have criticized the Ethiopian government's human rights record.
Saidi Osman of the National Muslim Leaders Forum said that before Kibaki "no president in Kenya or Africa had removed citizens of his country to another country without due process."
After widely publicized protests over the deportations, "Muslims in Kenya have decided to punish Kibaki and vote him out," Osman said.
Sheik Mohamed Dor, secretary-general of the Council of Imams and Preachers of Kenya, has taken the lead in organizing Muslim voters and demanded that candidates address the community's concerns.
"For the last 40 years Muslims did not take the issue of voting seriously. But the trend is changing now," Dor said.
He established the council in 1997 as a religious group and to educate people on their rights and the importance of voting.
In Kibera, a key battleground and Odinga's home constituency, the Nubian community is less worried about deportations than government delays in processing their identity cards and land titles.
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