Before he became a billionaire, Dai Lin (戴林) would ride his bike to work, pedaling through the streets of Tianjin to the headquarters of Tiandy Technologies Co (天第偉業技術), the camera maker he built with support from the Chinese government.
When Dai started his company in 1994, roadside surveillance cameras were rare in China. Now they are everywhere — part of a high-tech surveillance state that is stoking privacy and human rights concerns in the world’s most populous nation, raising thorny questions for international investors, and making well-connected entrepreneurs like Dai extremely rich.
The 54-year-old former academic, who now drives a luxury sedan and rewards high-performing employees with BMWs, is the latest of at least four businessmen to amass billion-dollar-plus fortunes from surveillance companies that count the Chinese government as a major client or investor.
Photo: Bloomberg
Their combined net worth exceeds US$12 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index.
The figure underscores the scale of Chinese President Xi Jinping’s (習近平) unprecedented push to keep tabs on the country’s 1.4 billion people.
About 176 million video surveillance cameras monitored China’s streets, buildings and public spaces in 2016, versus 50 million in the US, according to IHS Markit.
In 2017, Xi’s government spent an estimated US$184 billion on domestic security. By next year, authorities plan to roll out an “omnipresent’’ nationwide camera network and a social credit system that tracks personal data on everything from traffic violations to video-game habits.
It would soon be hard to go anywhere in Tianjin, or any other city in China, without being watched.
It is not just surveillance-focused firms like Tiandy that are helping the government expand its monitoring programs: Companies from Alibaba Group Holding Ltd (阿里巴巴) to Ping An Insurance (Group) Co (平安產險) to Tencent Holdings Ltd (騰訊) are playing increasingly important roles.
Look hard enough, and you will find links to China’s surveillance state at nearly all of the nation’s most innovative businesses — several of which are staples of 401(k) accounts and other investment portfolios around the world.
Supporters of China’s surveillance activities say they have fostered trust, improved public safety and helped make the country a world leader in areas like artificial intelligence (AI).
Critics, including billionaire philanthropist George Soros, say that Xi’s government is exploiting technology to gain a dangerous level of control over its citizenry. That concern has only grown in the past few months amid reports on the suppression of Uighurs, the predominately Muslim ethnic group in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region.
As Tiandy and its peers expand overseas, some worry that China’s surveillance industry might help governments from Africa to Latin America erode civil liberties.
Another fear, highlighted by US scrutiny of Huawei Technologies Co (華為), is that exported Chinese surveillance equipment could be used by Beijing for spying. Huawei’s HiSilicon unit is a major supplier of chips that power surveillance cameras.
“The Chinese government’s approach to leveraging data for purposes of social control and management could bolster the coercive capability of the state in ways that have quite troubling implications, including for the future of democratic governance worldwide,” said Elsa Kania, adjunct senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security, a Washington-based think tank.
“Many of the companies that are exporting AI applications, such as facial recognition, can be used for surveillance and thus enable repression,” Kania said.
Chinese officials have repeatedly insisted that such concerns are without merit.
In response to a critical speech on China’s surveillance programs by Soros at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, last month, Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokeswoman Hua Chunying (華春瑩) said the former hedge fund manager’s comments were “not even worth refuting.’’
Tiandy, whose name-and-shame surveillance systems in Tianjin identify jaywalkers and display their faces on street-side billboards, declined to comment on Dai’s net worth or the privacy issues surrounding China’s monitoring programs.
Wuhan Guide Infrared Co (武漢高德紅外), a maker of infrared cameras whose chairman has a net worth of US$1.3 billion, and Ping An, which develops smart sensing technology for local governments, both declined to comment.
For all the concerns about government surveillance raised by Soros and groups like the UN, views from inside China are often more apathetic.
Older residents have long been accustomed to living under the watchful eye of the Chinese Communist Party and younger generations have grown up sharing nearly every aspect of their lives on social media.
While there have been sporadic outcries over alleged data-gathering overreach, many Chinese are willing to sacrifice some of their privacy as long as China’s leaders keep delivering on promises of higher incomes and strong economic growth.
Proponents of the country’s social credit system, which is being tested in several cities before a planned national rollout next year, say it promotes honest dealings in a country whose legal system has often failed to build trust among consumers and businesses.
People with high social credit scores might find it easier under the new regime to buy plane tickets, borrow money, purchase a house and secure a high-paying job.
The fear is that the Chinese government, and the businesses that supply it with surveillance and censorship technology, are also building a system that is capable of stifling dissent like never before.
In Xinjiang — where as many as 1 million Uighurs have been held in mass detention camps — Chinese authorities are deploying AI-powered cameras, facial scanners and audio surveillance tools to carry out what Human Rights Watch has described as a “systematic campaign of human rights violations.”
Human Rights Watch has called out companies including iFlyTek Co (科大訊飛), a Shenzhen-listed developer of voice-recognition technology, and Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, a Massachusetts-based maker of DNA sequencers, for allegedly supplying the Xinjiang police.
The advocacy group has also urged money managers to refrain from investing in businesses with links to China’s mass surveillance programs.
US politicians are applying pressure too. In August last year, a bipartisan group of US lawmakers urged the White House to punish businesses including Hangzhou Hikvision Digital Technology Co (杭州海康威視數字技術) and Zhejiang Dahua Technology Co (浙江大華科技), two of China’s biggest surveillance camera makers, for allegedly facilitating human rights abuses in Xinjiang. Both companies are already barred from supplying the US government.
There is a “deep sense of unease” about Chinese surveillance among Western observers, many of whom have become increasingly sensitive to potential privacy abuses in the wake of controversies involving big technology companies like Facebook Inc, said Shoshana Zuboff, an emerita professor at Harvard Business School whose book The Age of Surveillance Capitalism includes a section on China.
A Hikvision spokesperson said that the US government ban “was not based on any evidence, review or investigation of potential security risks posed by Hikvision” and “ignores Hikvision’s commitments to comply with all applicable laws.”
Thermo Fisher said in a statement this week that it has decided to stop sales of DNA identification technology in Xinjiang.
While the backlash over Xinjiang might curb sales of Chinese surveillance products in the US, demand at home and in many emerging markets is still growing rapidly enough to spawn a new generation of surveillance start-ups.
Among the most successful is SenseTime Group Ltd (商湯科技), a leader in facial recognition technology that earns about two-fifths of its revenue from government contracts.
The four-year-old company was recently valued at more than US$4.5 billion, making it one of the world’s biggest AI start-ups.
In a response to questions from Bloomberg, the company said most of its revenue comes from areas outside government surveillance, such as autonomous driving and augmented-reality technology.
China’s more established tech companies, some of which have long helped the government monitor and censor the Internet, are increasing their ties to the surveillance state.
Baidu Inc (百度), billionaire Robin Li’s (李彥宏) online search company, is working with Chinese authorities to provide “smart city’’ services, including cloud storage systems that can analyze surveillance-related data. Tencent and Alibaba are participating in similar projects.
Tiandy, whose cameras can capture high-definition color images in lighting conditions equivalent to a night sky with one star, is a prime example of the Chinese surveillance industry’s growing overseas reach.
The company sells to more than 60 countries — a tally that might rise thanks in part to Xi’s “Belt and Road” global infrastructure initiative.
That is good news for Tiandy and its billionaire founder, but might add to concerns among privacy and political rights advocates that China is exporting its surveillance state around the world.
Visitors to Tiandy’s headquarters include the president of Angola, an oil-producing nation in southern Africa with one of the lowest rankings in Freedom House’s global survey of civil liberties.
One of the few countries with an even lower Freedom House score? China.
With assistance from Pei Yi Mak
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