Practically all the half million raccoons which infest the forests and parks of Central Europe are believed to descend from just four animals released in the woods near the German city of Kassel in the Nazi period.
Raccoons have never had a good press in Europe. Not only are they North American interlopers, there is also a persistent story that they were introduced to provide hunting pleasure for Marshal Hermann Goering, the head of Adolf Hitler’s Luftwaffe.
But a recent examination of the files, 75 years later, shows that the Nazi part of the story, which appears in many textbooks, is untrue.
Goering did not even know about the raccoons’ release, and the authorities in Berlin tried to stop their acclimatization.
But it was too late. Rangers at Lake Eder in Germany had already freed two breeding pairs on April 12, 1934. Not without difficulty either: the cautious animals would not initially come out from their box, despite being offered some eggs and dead squirrels.
But the hills around Kassel were to provide the freed raccoons with the perfect environment: lots of woods, rivers and food. The mammals grow up to 70cm in length and usually feed at night.
It is estimated a couple of dozen breeding pairs were established by 1945. Another 25 years on, there were 20,000. And the cute critters with the burglar-style black markings round the eyes kept on multiplying.
Kassel remains the capital city of raccoon expansionism in Europe.
“Round here, just about everyone’s garden has a raccoon living in it in summer-time,” said biologist Frank-Uwe Michler in the city. Genetic studies show that raccoons in Hamburg and Bavaria also descend from the same two Lake Eder pairs.
SKINS AND MEAT
Horst Marohn, of the state of Hesse forestry authority, says, “All the books claim that Goering personally ordered this rather foolhardy disturbance of our fauna.” But Marohn and senior ranger Eberhard Leicht checked the official files and found a different story.
As supervisor of hunting in the Voehl and Lake Eder areas, Leicht is the modern successor of the rangers who not only freed the raccoons but documented the whole matter in correspondence.
“It wasn’t just someone opening a cage to see what happened. It all had to be officially reviewed, even back then,” Leicht said. The proposal had apparently come from fur merchants, who suggested the animals would provide both skins and meat.
However Kassel had a particularly bureaucratic government, since it was part of the state of Prussia, and everything had to be approved in the capital, Berlin, by the office of Prussia’s master of the hunt.
BUREAUCRATIC INERTIA
Two of the Third Reich’s most senior animal-biology officials promptly objected.
One was Carl Hagenbeck, a zoologist whose family conducted one of Germany’s most famous zoos in Hamburg.Hagenbeck said he knew of a raccoon that had escaped in the city and constantly gobbled up city-dwelling pets including ducks and guinea pigs.
The other was Lutz Heck who ran the Berlin Zoo and who said releasing raccoons was not a good idea. The office of the Prussian master of the hunt vacillated for months before sending a veto to Kassel.
“But by that time, it was too late,” said Leicht. “A predecessor of mine, Baron Wilhelm Sittich von Berlepsch, had let the raccoons out.” The females were gestating and the foresters apparently thought it was best for the young to be born in the wild.
“It is true that Hermann Goering was in charge of the hunt office, but I am pretty sure he knew nothing about it,” said Leicht.
The name of the Nazi, who was a keen hunter, does not appear on any of the documents about the case.
Of course the facts have never stood in the way of a good story. Decades later, reports appeared in the British press that wryly described the animals as the “Nazi raccoons” and many Germans today see the release as another Nazi misdeed.
Heck’s and Hagenbeck’s concerns turned out to be right. Raccoons have become a pest in quite a few locations in Europe.
Leicht suggests raccoons are not all that bad though.
“Of course they can’t resist an egg if they find it. But they are not particularly talented predators, they can’t climb trees very well and often they are really quite clumsy. They are more gatherers than hunters. And it’s not true they were the Nazis’ pet,” he said.
US President Donald Trump may have hoped for an impromptu talk with his old friend Kim Jong-un during a recent trip to Asia, but analysts say the increasingly emboldened North Korean despot had few good reasons to join the photo-op. Trump sent repeated overtures to Kim during his barnstorming tour of Asia, saying he was “100 percent” open to a meeting and even bucking decades of US policy by conceding that North Korea was “sort of a nuclear power.” But Pyongyang kept mum on the invitation, instead firing off missiles and sending its foreign minister to Russia and Belarus, with whom it
When Taiwan was battered by storms this summer, the only crumb of comfort I could take was knowing that some advice I’d drafted several weeks earlier had been correct. Regarding the Southern Cross-Island Highway (南橫公路), a spectacular high-elevation route connecting Taiwan’s southwest with the country’s southeast, I’d written: “The precarious existence of this road cannot be overstated; those hoping to drive or ride all the way across should have a backup plan.” As this article was going to press, the middle section of the highway, between Meishankou (梅山口) in Kaohsiung and Siangyang (向陽) in Taitung County, was still closed to outsiders
Many people noticed the flood of pro-China propaganda across a number of venues in recent weeks that looks like a coordinated assault on US Taiwan policy. It does look like an effort intended to influence the US before the meeting between US President Donald Trump and Chinese dictator Xi Jinping (習近平) over the weekend. Jennifer Kavanagh’s piece in the New York Times in September appears to be the opening strike of the current campaign. She followed up last week in the Lowy Interpreter, blaming the US for causing the PRC to escalate in the Philippines and Taiwan, saying that as
The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has a dystopian, radical and dangerous conception of itself. Few are aware of this very fundamental difference between how they view power and how the rest of the world does. Even those of us who have lived in China sometimes fall back into the trap of viewing it through the lens of the power relationships common throughout the rest of the world, instead of understanding the CCP as it conceives of itself. Broadly speaking, the concepts of the people, race, culture, civilization, nation, government and religion are separate, though often overlapping and intertwined. A government
RSS