The railroad is many things to people in Cambodia: playground, garbage dump, open-air toilet, livestock grazing ground, a dry path for traversing swampy terrain.
What it has not been for many years is working transportation for either people or freight. In fact, train service was halted completely last year.
That may change soon. Development specialists have persuaded the government to privatize the system, which officially reopened on Friday with one freight line between Phnom Penh and Touk Meas, near the Vietnamese border.
Eventually, they promise, a refurbished railroad will revive Cambodia’s economy and drag it out of decades of poverty and chaos.
It would be an important missing link in a proposed regional rail system that would stretch from Singapore to Kunming in China.
“It’s a powerful symbol of Cambodia’s reconstruction and redevelopment,” said Lachlan Pontifex, an aid expert with the Australian government, which is helping to fund the US$141.6 million effort.
While an efficient transport network holds out great promise for Cambodian businesses, the reclaiming of railroad land could sink thousands into deeper poverty. Many people who live and sell goods alongside the rails — often barely subsisting — fear they will be evicted from their homes. Others, like the operators of makeshift carts that ferry people along the tracks, known as “bamboo trains,” will lose a meager but reliable livelihood.
Cambodian and foreign backers said they are trying to minimize the disruptions, spending millions to compensate those affected.
French colonial rulers laid the first rails across the rice paddies and wetlands in the 1920s and by 1969, track stretched from the Thai border to the capital Phnom Penh and continued southwest to Sihanoukville on the Gulf of Thailand.
Then Cambodia plunged into chaos, beginning with a US-backed military coup and ending in the tyrannical Khmer Rouge regime. After the Khmer Rouge’s ouster in 1979, the southern line was still an occasional battleground. Stations crumbled, locomotives rusted and the system ground into dysfunction.
In the past dozen years, the country has seen a sputtering economic boom, which clogged the roads with people and goods.
However, the railway remained best avoided. A train ride between the capital and the provincial city Battambang, about 300km northwest, took more than a day, at a time when a taxi ride took less than four hours.
The Cambodian government awarded the Australian company Toll a 30-year joint venture contract to refurbish and operate the system, and shut it down completely in November last year. The largest chunk of financing for the project came in the form of a US$84 million loan from the Asian Development Bank (ADB) to the Cambodian government, with grants from Australia and others.
Earlier this month, after US$5 million in investments in new rails, signs, locomotive repairs and workforce training, the freight service to Touk Meas began operating ahead of Friday’s inauguration.
The entire railroad — including new spurs directly to the ports — is to be operational by 2013.
“Upgrading the infrastructure will improve competitiveness in Cambodia’s economy and promote direct investment in Cambodia itself,” said Putu Kamayana, director of the ADB’s Cambodian office.
For now, only freight will travel the rails, and the main beneficiary in the short run is likely to be Touk Meas’ cement industry. Officials said competition is already pushing down shipping costs, and should decrease costs for goods like fuel oil or rice.
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