As a measure of this city's nervousness about restoration of its Renaissance masterpieces, Michelangelo's David was unveiled on Monday, after eight months of cleaning, to proud claims that this 4.25m-high marble statue looked little different. "An invisible cleaning," Antonio Paolucci, the superintendent of Florentine art, said reassuringly, "like washing the face of a child."
For anyone familiar with David, though, this monumental sculpture did look different, definitely cleaner and generally more presentable in preparation for celebrations marking the 500th anniversary of its placement in the Piazza della Signoria in September 1504. Paolucci's caution, however, evidently reflected a desire not to reawaken the controversy that preceded this US$500,000 restoration.
One year ago Agnese Parronchi, the restorer hired to clean the statue where it now stands in the Galleria dell'Accademia, resigned to protest the so-called wet cleaning method imposed on her by Florentine experts. Her warning of damage to the work were soon echoed by James Beck, a Columbia University art historian and president of ArtWatch International, who organized a petition signed by 55 international art historians calling for further study before cleaning.
PHOTO: NY TIMES
In July, however, Paolucci gave the go-ahead for the restoration. And in September a new restorer, Cinzia Parnigoni, began using the approved wet method by applying distilled water through compresses of cellulose pulp on top of Japanese paper. In some sections where wax dating back two centuries had accumulated, Parnigoni also used white spirits to remove the wax.
not too white
"I would call the result `less gray,"' Parnigoni said. "But I hope it is not too white."
Beck, who visited the Accademia last month to observe the cleaning, said he still felt the restoration unnecessary. "But this is not a drastic cleaning," he said in a telephone interview from New York, "which was a victory for our side because if we had not spoken out, they would have cleaned it much more." He said that nonetheless, by using white spirits, the museum had broken its pledge not to employ solvents.
Franca Falleti, director of the Accademia, said the white spirits were used only to dissolve wax and at no point touched the marble. Unlike Paolucci, however, who spoke repeatedly of "invisible cleaning," Falleti was eager to show, with before and after photographs, that many stains and blotches had been removed. Some, though, were too ingrained to be washed away with distilled water and have been left.
The marks on David recount much of the statue's life story, starting with the 5.2m-tall marble bloc from Carrara that had been exposed to the elements for 40 years before Michelangelo began transforming it. "It is very poor quality marble," Parnigoni said after working inches from its surface for months on end. Even Michelangelo had to spend four months polishing the marble before it was presented to the public in 1504.
In 1527, while standing in the Piazza della Signoria, the sculpture lost the lower half of its left arm during a riot. The arm was then reattached with a metal bar and covered with a white mixture of lime and sand. Since this strip has aged and colored in a different way from the rest of the marble, Parnigoni removed the original sealing matter and replaced it with fresh plaster. To her credit, the connecting point is barely visible.
The restoration history of David has also left its marks. In 1810 the statue was covered in wax for protection; in 1843 this wax along with Michelangelo's original patina was disastrously removed with hydrochloric acid. A wiser form of conservation took place in 1873, when the statue was brought indoors to the Accademia. But in 1991 an unbalanced Italian artist smashed a toe on its left foot with a hammer, and this too had to be restored.
Paolluci and his team say that what Accademia documents describe as restoration involves only conservation, although the work done here seems to lie somewhere between the two. In some areas the once dull marble has recovered its shine, with the front of the figure's torso again catching light and shadow. Some vertical stains, perhaps remnants of streams of rainwater, have also been removed.
`David' lives
Scientists also have carried out detailed studies of the environment in which David now lives. They concluded, for instance, that both the temperature and gaseous pollutants monitored around the statue were at acceptable levels. But they also noted that larger dust particles introduced by some 2 million visitors per year quickly soiled the marble "and threaten to cancel out the results obtained with the newly completed cleaning."
Parnigoni said that to prevent a dust buildup she planned to clean the statue with a hand-held vacuum cleaner every six weeks. Temperatures around David will continue to be monitored, and ultraviolet and other photographic techniques will be used to identify the accumulation of gypsum and other harmful substances on the marble surface. Perhaps most alarming, however, is the fresh recognition by Florentine experts that David would not be safe in case of a major earthquake. In documents provided to the press today, the experts are quoted as saying, "Given the importance of the work, we consider it necessary to take even this extreme hypothesis into consideration." Since Florence lies in an earthquake zone, the hypothesis is not extreme.
The principal message accompanying the unveiling, however, was that all was well with David. "I wonder if people can see the difference?" asked Willem Dreesmann, president of a Dutch foundation, Ars Longa Stichting, which financed the studies and restoration along with the American-based Friends of Florence.
"All kinds of stains have been removed," he said, "but you can only see this at close quarters."
Paolucci was more eager to minimize what has been done here. "A restoration that doesn't look like a restoration is always the best kind," he said. "David is the same as ever. For journalists this is a letdown because there is no controversy."
Beck, though, was not about to give up. "They just sort of tidied it up," he said, "and created a spectacle to get more visitors and sell more products."
June 2 to June 8 Taiwan’s woodcutters believe that if they see even one speck of red in their cooked rice, no matter how small, an accident is going to happen. Peng Chin-tian (彭錦田) swears that this has proven to be true at every stop during his decades-long career in the logging industry. Along with mining, timber harvesting was once considered the most dangerous profession in Taiwan. Not only were mishaps common during all stages of processing, it was difficult to transport the injured to get medical treatment. Many died during the arduous journey. Peng recounts some of his accidents in
What does the Taiwan People’s Party (TPP) in the Huang Kuo-chang (黃國昌) era stand for? What sets it apart from their allies, the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT)? With some shifts in tone and emphasis, the KMT’s stances have not changed significantly since the late 2000s and the era of former president Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九). The Democratic Progressive Party’s (DPP) current platform formed in the mid-2010s under the guidance of Tsai Ing-wen (蔡英文), and current President William Lai (賴清德) campaigned on continuity. Though their ideological stances may be a bit stale, they have the advantage of being broadly understood by the voters.
Artifacts found at archeological sites in France and Spain along the Bay of Biscay shoreline show that humans have been crafting tools from whale bones since more than 20,000 years ago, illustrating anew the resourcefulness of prehistoric people. The tools, primarily hunting implements such as projectile points, were fashioned from the bones of at least five species of large whales, the researchers said. Bones from sperm whales were the most abundant, followed by fin whales, gray whales, right or bowhead whales — two species indistinguishable with the analytical method used in the study — and blue whales. With seafaring capabilities by humans
In a high-rise office building in Taipei’s government district, the primary agency for maintaining links to Thailand’s 108 Yunnan villages — which are home to a population of around 200,000 descendants of the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) armies stranded in Thailand following the Chinese Civil War — is the Overseas Community Affairs Council (OCAC). Established in China in 1926, the OCAC was born of a mandate to support Chinese education, culture and economic development in far flung Chinese diaspora communities, which, especially in southeast Asia, had underwritten the military insurgencies against the Qing Dynasty that led to the founding of
RSS