Of the many dramatic 3,000m-plus mountains in Taiwan's central mountain range, the gargantuan Tapachien Mountain (
Tapachien Mountain is located in the traditional territory of the Atayal Aboriginal tribe, whose roots can be traced to the first Aboriginal migration from China to Taiwan about 12,000 years ago.
Atayal culture and civilizaton have been severely affected by encroaching modernization, but the tribe of proud, clan-based hunter-gatherers have, nonetheless, continued to inhabit a large area of mountainous central and northern Taiwan and maintained an identity distinct from the far more numerous plains-dwelling Han and Hakka people. In the mountains, those calling themselves Atayal number about 90,000.
PHOTO: GARY HEATH
Historians are unanimous in tracing the Atayal to southern China, and possibly the Malayan peninsula before that, though no trace of this journey remains in Atayal oral history. However, Atayal oral history and mythology are closely tied to the tribe's land of settlement, and attach particular symbolic significance to several high peaks of the central mountain range, one of the most important of those being Tapachien Mountain.
According to Atayal legend, the place of origin of the tribe is a spot known as Pinsbkan in Nantou County (the word Pinsbkan refers both to the place of creation, and creation itself). Various versions of the cosmogonic myth surrounding Pinsbkan can be found in books and among the Atayal -- not all of whom subscribe to the same set of myths -- but the basic story is that one day a thrush and crow, birds that commonly act as assistants or enablers in ancient mythology, competed to lift a stone to see which of the two was stronger. The thrush lifted the stone highest, then dropped the stone from which the first human couple appeared. There are different versions as to what happened next, but essentially these first male and female humans come together and procreate, forming the Atayal nation.
Tapachien Mountain, known as Papak-Wagu to the Atayal, is an alternative, or additional, site for the above myth. The shape and appearance of the mountain give the impression of being a rock split in two and it is widely believed among the Atayal that the first people originated from such a rock.
PHOTO COURTESY OF TAIWAN TOURIST BUREAU
The other site connected with the Atayal creation myth is a place known as Bunobon in Taichung County. Pinsbkan, Papak-Wagu and Bunobon are all tall mountains loosely grouped together in a small area and are all connected by ridges, forming a kind of mountain holy trinity in Atayal mythology.
High mountains being a place of creation does have a rationale, as mountains have long been considered to be special places close to heaven where gods reside and dead spirits travel -- Mount Olympus in Greek mythology is an obvious example. For people to have originated from the high mountains may fly in the face of scientific facts as currently known, but must have seemed logical to people who live off the mountains, and used them as a means of communication; they obviously understand them as "good" places.
Tapachien Mountain also plays an important role in Atayal oral history, in which the mountain is featured as a kind of strategic high point from which the tribe spread across the seven counties of northern Taiwan. This part of Atayal history is told in the tale of chief Ikmbuta, a wise and strong leader who one day realized that his people were too numerous and that the tribal lands no longer could support the growing Atayal population. Together with two brave men -- Ikmayan and Ikmyabox -- Ikmbuta left Pinsbkan and headed to Papak-Wagu, or Tapachien Mountain, and from this high point surveyed the world before him. Looking down at the big and little rivers, Ikmbuta was able to chart a mental map of the world he saw and promptly set off with his two companions to find new land to populate, and to mark the expanded Atayal territorial boundary.
Over the years, the Atayal people came to revere Tapachien Mountain in line with its important role in the tribe's cosmogonic myth. The mountain is further considered sacred, being a place where dead souls travel to paradise. If a man had been a brave and successful headhunter, or a woman had been a skilled weaver, for example, then they could complete the journey to paradise via Tapachien Mountain. Finally, Tapachien Mountain is generally respected by the Atayal as the origin of water, and therefore of all nature and life.
A team of Japanese climbers in 1927 were the first to scale the highest peak of Tapachien Mountain. The team reached the top only by temporarily evading their Atayal guides, for whom climbing to the peak was a strict taboo, and making a dash for the summit.
In 1969, metal railings were added to Tapachien's limestone summit, making the climb to the top a popular tourist activity. The railing was taken down, however, after several people died scaling the steep rock face. Today, it is possible to approach the base of Tapachien Mountain, and walk across to Hsiaopachien, the mountain's satellite peak, but making it to the top of the big rock is not a practical proposition -- a case of nature reclaiming a sacred site for an ethnic minority.
And what a rock Tapachien Mountain is. It is a truly majestic jewel of stone in the middle of steep valleys and forested mountains. Although the mountain is the subject of many pictures and postcards, nothing quite prepares you for its arresting and magnetic presence. Reaching the mountain takes a couple of days and includes a grueling hike, but the amazing scenery makes this trek, or pilgrimage, more than worthwhile.
Seen in the early morning, the angular, terraced summit of the 3,492m-tall Tapachien Mountain in black silhouette is a mysterious sight. The more regularly eroded Hsiaopachien Mountain (
It is perhaps not surprising that in the process of constructing myths about their origins and after life, the Atayal turned to the mountains that stand at the center of their world and dominate the topography all around. Even today, it is impossible to go to Tapachien Mountain and be left unaffected by the mystery and grandeur of this majestic peak.
Most heroes are remembered for the battles they fought. Taiwan’s Black Bat Squadron is remembered for flying into Chinese airspace 838 times between 1953 and 1967, and for the 148 men whose sacrifice bought the intelligence that kept Taiwan secure. Two-thirds of the squadron died carrying out missions most people wouldn’t learn about for another 40 years. The squadron lost 15 aircraft and 148 crew members over those 14 years, making it the deadliest unit in Taiwan’s military history by casualty rate. They flew at night, often at low altitudes, straight into some of the most heavily defended airspace in Asia.
Many people in Taiwan first learned about universal basic income (UBI) — the idea that the government should provide regular, no-strings-attached payments to each citizen — in 2019. While seeking the Democratic nomination for the 2020 US presidential election, Andrew Yang, a politician of Taiwanese descent, said that, if elected, he’d institute a UBI of US$1,000 per month to “get the economic boot off of people’s throats, allowing them to lift their heads up, breathe, and get excited for the future.” His campaign petered out, but the concept of UBI hasn’t gone away. Throughout the industrialized world, there are fears that
Like much in the world today, theater has experienced major disruptions over the six years since COVID-19. The pandemic, the war in Ukraine and social media have created a new normal of geopolitical and information uncertainty, and the performing arts are not immune to these effects. “Ten years ago people wanted to come to the theater to engage with important issues, but now the Internet allows them to engage with those issues powerfully and immediately,” said Faith Tan, programming director of the Esplanade in Singapore, speaking last week in Japan. “One reaction to unpredictability has been a renewed emphasis on
Taiwan’s democracy is at risk. Be very alarmed. This is not a drill. The current constitutional crisis progressed slowly, then suddenly. Political tensions, partisan hostility and emotions are all running high right when cool heads and calm negotiation are most needed. Oxford defines brinkmanship as: “The art or practice of pursuing a dangerous policy to the limits of safety before stopping, especially in politics.” It says the term comes from a quote from a 1956 Cold War interview with then-American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, when he said: ‘The ability to get to the verge without getting into the war is
RSS