With the world’s rich countries still hung over from the financial crisis, the global economy has come to depend on emerging markets to drive growth. Increasingly, machinery exporters, energy suppliers and raw-materials producers alike look to China and other fast-growing developing countries as the key source of incremental demand.
However, Chinese officials warn that their economy is poised to slow. Late last month, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao (溫家寶) announced that the target for annual GDP growth over the next five years is 7 percent. This represents a significant deceleration from the 11 percent rate averaged over the previous five years.
Should we take this 7 percent target seriously?
After all, the comparable target for the last five years was just 7.5 percent and the Chinese authorities showed no inclination to rein in the economy when the growth rate overshot. On the contrary, they aggressively ramped up bank lending when global demand weakened in 2008 and they were notoriously reluctant to allow the yuan to appreciate as a way of restraining export growth.
Of course, it is difficult to be too critical of past Chinese policies. The country’s growth has been nothing short of miraculous. Post-2008 policies enabled China largely to avoid the global recession and there is something refreshing about officials who promise less than they deliver.
So are China’s leaders again underestimating their economy’s growth capacity? Or might their forecasts of slower growth just be another Machiavellian ploy to deflect foreign pressure to revalue the yuan?
There is reason to think not — that this time Chinese officials are convinced that a slowdown is coming.
China has been able to grow so rapidly by shifting large numbers of underemployed workers from agriculture to manufacturing. It has an extraordinarily high investment rate, about 45 percent of GDP, and it has stimulated export demand by maintaining what is, by any measure, an undervalued currency.
However, in response to foreign and domestic pressure, China will have to rebalance its economy, placing less weight on manufacturing and exports, and more on services and domestic spending. At some point Chinese workers will start demanding higher wages and a shorter working week. More consumption will mean less investment. All of this implies slower growth.
Chinese officials are well aware that these changes are coming. Indeed, they acknowledged as much in the latest Five-Year Plan.
So what is at issue is not whether Chinese growth will slow, but when. Recently, Kwanho Shin of Korea University and I studied 39 episodes in which fast-growing economies with per capita incomes of at least US$10,000 experienced sharp and persistent economic slowdowns. We found that fast-growing economies slow when their per capita incomes reach US$16,500, measured in 2005 US prices. Were China to continue growing by 10 percent a year, it would breach this threshold just three years from now, in 2014.
There is no iron law of slowdowns, of course. Not all fast-growing economies slow when they reach the same per capita income levels and slowdowns come sooner in countries with a high ratio of elderly people to active labor-force participants, which is increasingly the case in China, owing to increased life expectancy and the one-child policy implemented in the 1970s.
Slowdowns are also more likely in countries where the manufacturing sector’s share of employment exceeds 20 percent, since it then becomes necessary to shift workers into services, where growth is slower. This is now China’s situation, reflecting past success in expanding its manufacturing base.
Most strikingly, slowdowns come earlier in economies with undervalued currencies. One reason is that countries relying on undervalued exchange rates are more vulnerable to external shocks. Moreover, while currency undervaluation may work well as a mechanism for boosting growth in the early stages of development, when a country relies on shifting its labor force from agriculture to assembly-based manufacturing, it may work less well later, when growth becomes more innovation-intensive.
Finally, maintenance of an undervalued currency may cause imbalances and excesses in export-oriented manufacturing to build up, as happened in South Korea in the 1990s, and through that channel make a growth deceleration more likely.
For all these reasons, a significant slowdown in Chinese growth is imminent. The question is whether the world is ready and whether other countries following in China’s footsteps will step up and provide the world with the economic dynamism we have come to depend upon.
Barry Eichengreen is professor of economics and political science at the University of California, Berkeley.
COPYRIGHT: PROJECT SYNDICATE
An elderly mother and her daughter were found dead in Kaohsiung after having not been seen for several days, discovered only when a foul odor began to spread and drew neighbors’ attention. There have been many similar cases, but it is particularly troubling that some of the victims were excluded from the social welfare safety net because they did not meet eligibility criteria. According to media reports, the middle-aged daughter had sought help from the local borough warden. Although the warden did step in, many services were unavailable without out-of-pocket payments due to issues with eligibility, leaving the warden’s hands
When former president Tsai Ing-wen (蔡英文) first took office in 2016, she set ambitious goals for remaking the energy mix in Taiwan. At the core of this effort was a significant expansion of the percentage of renewable energy generated to keep pace with growing domestic and global demands to reduce emissions. This effort met with broad bipartisan support as all three major parties placed expanding renewable energy at the center of their energy platforms. However, over the past several years partisanship has become a major headwind in realizing a set of energy goals that all three parties profess to want. Tsai
Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi on Monday announced that she would dissolve parliament on Friday. Although the snap election on Feb. 8 might appear to be a domestic affair, it would have real implications for Taiwan and regional security. Whether the Takaichi-led coalition can advance a stronger security policy lies in not just gaining enough seats in parliament to pass legislation, but also in a public mandate to push forward reforms to upgrade the Japanese military. As one of Taiwan’s closest neighbors, a boost in Japan’s defense capabilities would serve as a strong deterrent to China in acting unilaterally in the
Indian Ministry of External Affairs spokesman Randhir Jaiswal told a news conference on Jan. 9, in response to China’s latest round of live-fire exercises in the Taiwan Strait: “India has an abiding interest in peace and stability in the region, in view of our trade, economic, people-to-people and maritime interests. We urge all parties to exercise restraint, avoid unilateral actions and resolve issues peacefully without threat or use of force.” The statement set a firm tone at the beginning of the year for India-Taiwan relations, and reflects New Delhi’s recognition of shared interests and the strategic importance of regional stability. While India
RSS