Wed, Apr 01, 2026 page5

• Space conditions hamper sperm’s navigation to egg

  • Reuters, WASHINGTON
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  As humankind moves toward the goal of establishing a long-term presence on the moon and Mars, the question of whether reproduction is possible in extraterrestrial environments might no longer be merely hypothetical. New research using simulated microgravity conditions has identified some major challenges.

  Experiments conducted by scientists in Australia found that microgravity conditions, simulated in a laboratory, disrupt sperm navigation, reduce fertilization rates and, when exposure is prolonged, compromise the quality and survival of early embryos.

  They found that human and mouse sperm cells were about 50 percent less effective at swimming through a channel mimicking the female reproductive tract under these conditions compared with normal gravity. In mouse eggs, this translated into a drop of roughly 30 percent in fertilization success. The research also revealed complications in early embryo development.

  

  From left, NASA astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch and Canadian Space Agency astronaut Jeremy Hansen pose for a group photograph during a visit to the Artemis II rocket and Orion spacecraft at Launch Complex 39B of Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

  Photo: AFP / NASA / Bill Ingalls

  The human body evolved over millions of years to function optimally in Earth’s environment, including its gravity, and trekking beyond Earth’s confines causes many physiological changes that affect human health.

  The US, with NASA’s Artemis program, is planning to land astronauts on the moon in the coming years, as is China.

  “With the Artemis program actively working to return humans to the moon and serious plans underway for crewed Mars missions, the ability to reproduce beyond Earth is fundamental to any long-term settlement,” said reproductive scientist Nicole McPherson, who heads the Sperm and Embryo Biology Group at Adelaide University’s Robinson Research Institute in Australia and is lead author of the study published in the journal Communications Biology.

  “That includes not just human reproduction, but also the animals and agricultural species any self-sustaining habitat would depend on,” said McPherson, who also serves as director of research and diagnostic laboratories at Genea, one of Australia’s leading in vitro fertilization providers.

  Fertilization occurs when a man’s sperm cell navigates through the female reproductive tract and penetrates an egg cell, with the genetic material of the two cells combining. The new study is the first to show that gravity plays a critical role in sperm’s ability to navigate toward an egg.

  “It is not the ability to swim that is affected. Sperm in microgravity still move, they just cannot find their way. The function that appears to be disrupted is navigation, the ability to orient and move with purpose toward a destination. We believe this happens because many of the proteins on the surface of sperm act as mechanosensors, tiny molecular devices that detect physical forces including gravity,” McPherson said.

  “When that gravitational pull is removed, these sensors appear to be thrown off, leaving the sperm without a reliable frame of reference for up, down or which direction to move. It is a bit like trying to navigate a maze blindfolded and spinning,” she said.

  Adding progesterone, a female hormone naturally released at about the time of ovulation as a chemical homing signal that assists sperm in finding their way, helped more human sperm overcome microgravity’s negative effects.

  To simulate microgravity, the researchers used a device that makes cells experience a condition resembling the continuous free fall of weightlessness in space. To test navigation, they used a plastic chamber with narrow channels open at both ends.

  There was a roughly 50 percent reduction in the number of human and mouse sperm that successfully navigated in microgravity compared with normal gravity.

  “The clearest conclusion is that reproduction in space is going to be considerably more challenging than most people assume, and that the challenges appear at multiple stages, not just one,” McPherson said.
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