The Hindu trinity of supreme divinity — the Trimurti — consists of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the preserver and Shiva the destroyer. Hindu cosmology includes the endless cycle of destruction and rebirth, in which destruction entails eradicating worldly delusion and imperfection, to facilitate transformation. Therefore, the deity of destruction represents not calamity, but instead a formidable regenerative force. It is for this reason that Shiva is worshipped.
Shiva has many guises, and this bronze sculpture is a classic work representing the deity as Nataraja, the Lord of Dance. Shiva’s dance is known as the cosmic dance, the energy that sets the universe in motion. Dancing between ecstasy and fury, the cosmos is destroyed only to emerge once again.
Details such as posture and gesture in religious sculpture generally have symbolic meaning in iconography, and this sculpture is no exception. The halo of flames surrounding the statue represents the universe. The drum Shiva is holding in his right hand on the rear pair of arms symbolizes the creation of the universe, while the flame held in his left hand on the rear pair of arms represents destruction. The right hand of his fore pair of arms is making the abhaya mudra gesture of fearlessness. The god’s right foot is standing on the dwarf Apasmara, who represents ignorance. This form of Shiva as Lord of Dance first appeared during the southern Indian Chola Dynasty (4th to 13th century BC), and was transmitted far and wide.
Photo courtesy of Los Angeles County Museum
照片：洛杉磯郡立美術館提供
Shiva was both the god of music and dance. Legend has it that he was the originator of dance, and could perform 108 types of dance, both feminine and masculine. Shiva’s Lord of Dance form is androgynous: Clean shaven, elegant and dignified.
(Translated by Paul Cooper)
印度神話中的三位主神是創造之神梵天、維護之神毗濕奴，以及毀滅之神濕婆。印度教的宇宙觀是不斷的毀滅與重生的循環──毀滅，是要破壞世上的虛幻與不完美，以促成轉變──因此毀滅之神不但不是災難性的，反而是代表強大無比的再生力量，濕婆因此極受崇拜。
Photo courtesy of Los Angeles County Museum
照片：洛杉磯郡立美術館提供
濕婆有許多種「相」，這件銅雕所呈現的是濕婆「舞蹈之王」相的典型作品。濕婆的舞蹈被稱為「宇宙之舞」，是運轉宇宙的動能──在跳舞的狂喜與狂怒中，宇宙灰飛煙滅、風雲再起。
宗教造像的舉手投足等細節，往往都有圖像學的象徵意義，這件雕塑也不例外：有火焰的外環代表宇宙，濕婆的後方右手拿著象徵宇宙創造的鼓，後方左手托著的火焰代表毀滅，前方右手呈「無畏印」的手勢；祂的右腳所踩的是象徵無知的小鬼。這樣的濕婆舞王像結構在南印度朱羅王朝（西元四世紀至十三世紀）時期出現，並廣為流傳。
濕婆也是音樂及舞蹈之神──傳說祂是印度舞蹈的始祖，會跳一百零八種舞，包括女性的柔軟舞，以及男性的剛健舞。濕婆舞王像無鬚、姿態優美、華麗莊嚴，有如雌雄同體。
（台北時報林俐凱）
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1. 他體力很弱，不能幹重活。 ˇ As he was weak in health, he could not do heavy work. χ Weak as he was in health, he could not do heavy work. 註：as 作連接詞，表示“因為”時，絕不能倒置，習慣上以 as 引導的 詞序倒置的從屬句是用來強調兩種意義相反的情況。例如： Strong as he was, he could not lift that rock. （儘管他的身體壯，他還是舉不起那塊石頭。） Weak as he was, he lifted that rock easily. （儘管他身體很弱，他還是能不費力地舉起那塊石頭。） 2. 在開發中國家，許多婦女就這樣悲慘地喪命。 ˇ In developing countries there are many women who lost their lives in similar tragic ways. ˇ There are many women in developing countries who lost their lives in similarly tragic ways. χ There are many women who lost their lives similarly tragic ways in developing countries. 註：錯句中把 in developing countries 放在限定性形容詞子句之末，易使人誤解為修飾 lost their lives，因此應放在句首或緊接修飾的對象。 3. 在極權國家，統治者什麼都有，老百姓什麼都沒有。 有。 ˇ In
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