There can’t be many connections between Lady Gaga, Andy Warhol, the cows on yogurt adverts and Father Christmas. But here’s one: they’ve all been spotted wearing sunglasses and analyzed by Vanessa Brown, senior lecturer in design and visual culture at Nottingham Trent University, England, as part of her theory into the “coolness” of shades and why we wear them. It’s not, she can report, just to keep the sun out of our eyes.
A trip to the supermarket was the inspiration for Brown’s research. “On the way home after decorating my new flat, I stopped at a supermarket to buy a pint of milk,” she says. “I was wearing old painting clothes and was generally a bit of a state, so as I left the car I grabbed my sunglasses from the dashboard. But when I approached the store I caught sight of myself reflected in the glass facade, and realized I looked quite cool.
“Whether I did or not is obviously debatable, but it struck me how odd it was that the mere addition of one accessory could transform my perception of myself.”
Photo: Reuters
Brown has always been interested in the meanings of objects and their cultural values — she has previously studied Tupperware and the idea of the housewife — so “sunglasses seemed like an ideal next project,” she says.
With the help of the British Optical Association and the curator of its museum, Brown began searching through thousands of images, adverts, films, fashion photographs, documentary photographs and optical industry journals to investigate the symbolism of shades. “I found that sunglasses were always strongly associated with the glamour and power of modern technology, control of emotion, control of the body and control of interactions with others,” says Brown.
She then started to analyze the link between the wearing of sunglasses and the broader phenomenon of “what it is to be cool.” Brown, who is 40, explains: “Sunglasses are appealing because they connote coolness, which is used to sell almost everything.” That was obvious from the sunglass-wearing cows in the yogurt ad. “Some other researchers say coolness is emerging as the highest value in Western society,” she adds. “This can be seen as a very worrying and profoundly antisocial shift, as cool characters display lack of concern for others, lack of respect for authority or social convention, and a focus on style above all else.”
However, Brown’s research suggests that cool, sunglass-wearing heroes and villains are not so worrying. The shades represent their composure, their “self-possession in the face of seemingly overwhelming forces,” she explains. “This resonates with experiences many of us share — we’re increasingly alienated from work, each other and the natural world, increasingly aware of financial, medical, environmental risk and increasingly faced with identity choices. By shading the eyes, we can appear detached from the chaos, either frankly unbothered by, or utterly on top of, the frantic pace of technology and fashion.
“Sunglasses, by covering those vulnerable eyes and implying that connection with sleek engineering and glossy surfaces, make it easier to pull off a truly cool demeanor.” Brown says her research has highlighted the proliferation of sunglasses in DVD covers, music videos, fashion images and adverts. “There are thousands of examples of sunglasses being used in visual culture as a key prop,” she says.
“Increasingly, images of shaded eyes are used to sell products by suggesting power and prestige. They are perfect visual copy, suggesting mystique and self-possession as well as the glamour of being immersed in light.”
Lady Gaga, says Brown, uses sunglasses to suggest her chameleon, avant-garde identity. She also points out that people buy sunglasses for their avatars to wear in the online game Second Life — where there is no sun. “They experience their idealized, more glamorous identity in Second Life from behind another glass barrier which hides the ‘real’ them — their computer screen,” Brown explains. “My research demonstrates how many challenging aspects of modern life are negotiable through the shading of the eye.”
Back in the real world, other sunglass-wearers that came under Brown’s scrutiny include the jazz musician Miles Davis, “who decided to wear shades to avoid eye contact with racists and squares,” and Andy Warhol who, Brown says, used sunglasses “as a means of glamorous detachment.”
As for the fashionista, often shrouded in big sunglasses a la Vogue editor Anna Wintour, Brown says this represents disdain for others and being “unmoved” by the latest shocking model to strut down the catwalk. “Sunglasses also reflect light — which itself has been a metaphor for modernity, as in ‘enlightenment,’” she adds. “But that reflecting light also represents the success of modern celebrity and glamour — either flashbulbs, studio lights or the sun of exotic holidays.”
Brown dismisses criticism that the value of her research on sunglasses could be questioned. “The study of fashion and popular culture is always open to question because it appears to address the less serious issues of life,” she says. “But my dedication to studying popular cultural images and objects comes from a conviction that the things that people do ‘without thinking’ are the most telling about their fears, desires, motivations and concerns.”
That US assistance was a model for Taiwan’s spectacular development success was early recognized by policymakers and analysts. In a report to the US Congress for the fiscal year 1962, former President John F. Kennedy noted Taiwan’s “rapid economic growth,” was “producing a substantial net gain in living.” Kennedy had a stake in Taiwan’s achievements and the US’ official development assistance (ODA) in general: In September 1961, his entreaty to make the 1960s a “decade of development,” and an accompanying proposal for dedicated legislation to this end, had been formalized by congressional passage of the Foreign Assistance Act. Two
March 31 to April 6 On May 13, 1950, National Taiwan University Hospital otolaryngologist Su You-peng (蘇友鵬) was summoned to the director’s office. He thought someone had complained about him practicing the violin at night, but when he entered the room, he knew something was terribly wrong. He saw several burly men who appeared to be government secret agents, and three other resident doctors: internist Hsu Chiang (許強), dermatologist Hu Pao-chen (胡寶珍) and ophthalmologist Hu Hsin-lin (胡鑫麟). They were handcuffed, herded onto two jeeps and taken to the Secrecy Bureau (保密局) for questioning. Su was still in his doctor’s robes at
Last week the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) said that the budget cuts voted for by the China-aligned parties in the legislature, are intended to force the DPP to hike electricity rates. The public would then blame it for the rate hike. It’s fairly clear that the first part of that is correct. Slashing the budget of state-run Taiwan Power Co (Taipower, 台電) is a move intended to cause discontent with the DPP when electricity rates go up. Taipower’s debt, NT$422.9 billion (US$12.78 billion), is one of the numerous permanent crises created by the nation’s construction-industrial state and the developmentalist mentality it
Experts say that the devastating earthquake in Myanmar on Friday was likely the strongest to hit the country in decades, with disaster modeling suggesting thousands could be dead. Automatic assessments from the US Geological Survey (USGS) said the shallow 7.7-magnitude quake northwest of the central Myanmar city of Sagaing triggered a red alert for shaking-related fatalities and economic losses. “High casualties and extensive damage are probable and the disaster is likely widespread,” it said, locating the epicentre near the central Myanmar city of Mandalay, home to more than a million people. Myanmar’s ruling junta said on Saturday morning that the number killed had
RSS