A couple hours outside Houston, in a remote field near a Dow Chemical Co plant, the US’ bid to undercut China’s grip on the global supply of rare earth minerals critical to high technology has yet to break ground.
Even when it does, China’s dominance of the market — it controls about 70 percent of output and more than 90 percent of refining — means that goal would likely remain out of reach.
The Texas plant, to be built by Australia-based Lynas Rare Earths Ltd, represents a fraction of billions of dollars in subsidies and loans promised for the production and refining of the minerals in the US and its key allies.
For the 60 hectares site, Lynas won more than US$300 million in Pentagon contracts. If all goes to plan, it would be operating a plant to process rare earths there in two years.
However, while national security is a primary driver of the programs in the US and elsewhere, a slump in prices since 2022 is undermining the business case for those projects. That is raising questions about whether this and similar efforts can develop into a supply chain to rival Chinese firms protected by their government.
“These market conditions have now destroyed most of the hoped-for projects from just a couple years back,” said James Litinsky, the CEO of MP Materials Corp, which owns the only rare earths mine in the US and is building a factory to manufacture magnets in Texas.
“Despite the efforts and investments of many governments, Chinese control over the vast majority of the supply chain remains,” Litinsky said on an earnings call last month.
The metals the US and allies are focused on are not actually “rare,” but seldom exist in high enough concentrations to justify the often environmentally hazardous mining. They include 17 chemically related elements that have properties useful for making electronics in products from cellphones to fighter jets more efficient.
US Assistant Secretary of Defense for Industrial Base Policy Laura Taylor-Kale earlier this year promised that the US would have a “sustainable mine-to-magnet supply chain capable of supporting all US defense requirements by 2027.”
Once the Lynas project in Texas is operating, the company “will produce approximately 25 percent of the world’s supply of rare earth element oxides,” she said.
In the past few years, the global price slump has been driven by increased supply from China and elsewhere, as well as the weakening Chinese economy, which has meant that domestic industry cannot absorb the higher output.
The Chinese Ministry of Natural Resources and the Chinese Ministry of Industry and Information Technology did not respond to requests to explain their reason for raising mining quotas for rare earths last year and this year, which analysts says helped drive down prices.
“Most rare earths mines are struggling to break even under low prices while early-stage projects face delays and funding shortfalls,” a reported published on Sept. 3 on the mineral news and analysis Web site Benchmark Source said.
Those factors are “potentially slowing the West’s push to reduce dependence on Chinese supply chains,” it added.
Some projects are already reporting setbacks.
Arafura Rare Earths Ltd is one firm which looks to be struggling to ramp up as planned. It secured an A$840 million (US$567.82 million) loan from the Australian government this year, with the company raising more capital in July and saying that the project is ready to start construction.
It signed offtake agreements with two South Korean auto firms in 2022 for production from its Nolans project north of Alice Springs, Australia, but has not started building.
“We’ve got the debt, we’ve got the approvals, the offtakes are largely in place,” CEO Darryl Cuzzubbo said. “The one missing piece is the equity. We are pushing to get that by the end of the year — that would allow us to start construction first thing next year.”
Cuzzubbo said his goal is to get half the equity from “cornerstone investors, which is tracking very well,” adding that “once we’ve got that, we will then go to the rest of the market for the remaining 50 percent.”
Iluka Resources Ltd is another firm confronting multiplying hurdles as it invests in rare earths production in Australia. The company was the recipient of a A$1.25 billion loan in 2022 to develop Australia’s first integrated rare earths refinery, which it aimed to open in 2026.
However, this year it announced the project could cost as much as A$1.8 billion, well above initial estimates.
Earlier this year, the firm’s chief executive officer accused China of trying to manipulate prices and take control of the industry in Australia.
“China’s influence over the global rare earths market is pervasive,” CEO Tom O’Leary said in May. “It is this monopolistic production, combined with interference in pricing, that is resulting in market failure.”
It was a similar experience that started Japan on the road to reduce its dependence on China for rare earths more than a decade ago. The results show that these projects take longer and are more expensive than initially expected.
Tokyo invested in Lynas in 2011 with a US$250 million investment after Beijing temporarily cut off supplies over a territorial dispute. It took two years before trial production began and even longer to ramp up to forecast levels, company statements showed.
The firm did not turn a profit until 2018.
It was support from Japan’s companies and the government that helped keep Lynas afloat, CEO Amanda Lacaze said in an interview.
Japan backed Lynas by “putting some money in for capital and investment and development of our assets, but also then supporting us through a period of very, very low pricing,” she said.
Japan eventually cut its dependence on Chinese rare earth supplies to about 60 percent from 80 to 90 percent, former Japanese minister of state for economic security Takayuki Kobayashi said in an interview.
However, even more critical was patience, Lacaze said.
That was underscored by a company announcement last month: An issue with wastewater permits means that earthworks planned for the Texas facility this year are unlikely to happen, Lynas said in its latest earnings report.
“Patient capital in mining and also in an area where you’re doing something for the first time is really important,” Lacaze said last month. “If we truly want an industry, we do have to recognize that we’re playing a 30-year catch-up game.”
With assistance from Paul-Alain Hunt and Yuki Hagiwara
As China steps up a campaign to diplomatically isolate and squeeze Taiwan, it has become more imperative than ever that Taipei play a greater role internationally with the support of the democratic world. To help safeguard its autonomous status, Taiwan needs to go beyond bolstering its defenses with weapons like anti-ship and anti-aircraft missiles. With the help of its international backers, it must also expand its diplomatic footprint globally. But are Taiwan’s foreign friends willing to translate their rhetoric into action by helping Taipei carve out more international space for itself? Beating back China’s effort to turn Taiwan into an international pariah
Typhoon Krathon made landfall in southwestern Taiwan last week, bringing strong winds, heavy rain and flooding, cutting power to more than 170,000 homes and water supply to more than 400,000 homes, and leading to more than 600 injuries and four deaths. Due to the typhoon, schools and offices across the nation were ordered to close for two to four days, stirring up familiar controversies over whether local governments’ decisions to call typhoon days were appropriate. The typhoon’s center made landfall in Kaohsiung’s Siaogang District (小港) at noon on Thursday, but it weakened into a tropical depression early on Friday, and its structure
Since the end of the Cold War, the US-China espionage battle has arguably become the largest on Earth. Spying on China is vital for the US, as China’s growing military and technological capabilities pose direct challenges to its interests, especially in defending Taiwan and maintaining security in the Indo-Pacific. Intelligence gathering helps the US counter Chinese aggression, stay ahead of threats and safeguard not only its own security, but also the stability of global trade routes. Unchecked Chinese expansion could destabilize the region and have far-reaching global consequences. In recent years, spying on China has become increasingly difficult for the US
Lately, China has been inviting Taiwanese influencers to travel to China’s Xinjiang region to make films, weaving a “beautiful Xinjiang” narrative as an antidote to the international community’s criticisms by creating a Potemkin village where nothing is awry. Such manipulations appear harmless — even compelling enough for people to go there — but peeling back the shiny veneer reveals something more insidious, something that is hard to ignore. These films are not only meant to promote tourism, but also harbor a deeper level of political intentions. Xinjiang — a region of China continuously listed in global human rights reports —
RSS