As the inquest into the death of Molly Russell ground to its conclusion on Friday, what kept flashing like a faulty neon sign in one’s mind was a rhetorical question asked by Alexander Pope in 1735: “Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel?” For Pope it was a reference to “breaking on the wheel,” a medieval form of torture in which victims had their long bones broken by an iron bar while tied to a Catherine wheel, named after St Catherine who was executed in this way.
For those at the inquest, the metaphor’s significance must have been unmistakable, for they were listening to an account of how an innocent and depressed 14-year-old girl was broken by a remorseless, contemporary Catherine wheel — the artificial intelligence-powered recommendation engines of two social media companies, Instagram and Pinterest.
These sucked her into a vortex of, as the coroner put it, “images, video clips and text concerning or concerned with self-harm, suicide or that were otherwise negative or depressing in nature ... some of which were selected and provided without Molly requesting them.”
Illustration: Mountain People
Some of this content romanticized acts of self-harm by young people on themselves, while “other content sought to isolate and discourage discussion with those who may have been able to help.”
His verdict was not suicide, but that “Molly Rose Russell died from an act of self-harm whilst suffering from depression and the negative effects of online content.”
This inquest had a wider significance than that of a belated — Molly died in November 2017 — recognition of a harrowing injustice. In the first place, the coroner’s verdict was a world first, in that it explicitly linked social-media recommendation engines as a causal factor in a death.
Second, his inquiry broke new procedural ground by requiring representatives of the two US companies involved (Meta, owner of Instagram, and Pinterest) to testify in person under oath. Of course the two who made the transatlantic trip — Elizabeth Lagone from Meta and Jud Hoffman from Pinterest — were essentially just monkeys representing their respective organ-grinders back in Silicon Valley; but still, there they were in London, batting on a very sticky wicket.
Third, the horrific evidence of the stuff to which Molly had been exposed was presented in an open legal proceeding. And it was horrific — so much so that a child psychiatrist who testified said that even he had found it disturbing and distressing.
Afterward, he said: “There were periods where I was not able to sleep well for a few weeks, so bearing in mind that the child saw this over a period of months I can only say that she was [affected] — especially bearing in mind that she was a depressed 14-year-old.”
Cross-examination of the two company representatives was likewise revealing. The Pinterest guy caved early. The Russell family’s lawyer (Oliver Sanders KC), took him through the last 100 posts Molly had seen before she died.
Hoffman expressed his “deep regret she was able to access some of the content that was shown.”
He admitted that recommendation e-mails sent by Pinterest to the teenager, such as “10 depression pins you might like,” contained “the type of content that we wouldn’t like anyone spending a lot of time with,” and that some of the images he had been shown were ones he would not show to his own children.
Predictably, the Meta representative was a tougher nut to crack. After evidence was given that out of the 16,300 posts Molly saved, shared or liked on Instagram in the six-month period before her death, 2,100 were depression, self-harm or suicide-related, Sanders asked her: “Do you agree with us that this type of material is not safe for children?”
Lagone replied that policies were in place for all users and described the posts viewed by the court as a “cry for help.”
“Do you think this type of material is safe for children?” Sanders asked.
“I think it is safe for people to be able to express themselves,” she replied. After Sanders asked the same question again, Lagone said: “Respectfully, I don’t find it a binary question.”
Here the coroner interjected and asked: “So you are saying yes, it is safe or no, it isn’t safe?”
“Yes, it is safe,” Lagone replied.
In a way, this was a “gotcha” moment, laying bare the reality that no Meta executive can admit in public what the company knows in private (as the whistle-blower Frances Haugen revealed), namely that its recommendation engine can have toxic, and in Molly Russell’s case, life-threatening effects.
It all comes back, in the end, to the business model of companies like Instagram. They thrive on, and monetize, user engagement — how much attention is garnered by each piece of content, how widely it is shared, how long it is viewed for and so on. The recommendation engine is programmed to monitor what each user likes and to suggest other content that they might like. So if you are depressed and have suicidal thoughts, then the machine will give you increasing amounts of the same.
After Molly’s death, her family discovered that it was still sending this stuff to her account. The wheel continued to turn, even after it had broken her.
After more than a year of review, the National Security Bureau on Monday said it has completed a sweeping declassification of political archives from the Martial Law period, transferring the full collection to the National Archives Administration under the National Development Council. The move marks another significant step in Taiwan’s long journey toward transitional justice. The newly opened files span the architecture of authoritarian control: internal security and loyalty investigations, intelligence and counterintelligence operations, exit and entry controls, overseas surveillance of Taiwan independence activists, and case materials related to sedition and rebellion charges. For academics of Taiwan’s White Terror era —
On Feb. 7, the New York Times ran a column by Nicholas Kristof (“What if the valedictorians were America’s cool kids?”) that blindly and lavishly praised education in Taiwan and in Asia more broadly. We are used to this kind of Orientalist admiration for what is, at the end of the day, paradoxically very Anglo-centered. They could have praised Europeans for valuing education, too, but one rarely sees an American praising Europe, right? It immediately made me think of something I have observed. If Taiwanese education looks so wonderful through the eyes of the archetypal expat, gazing from an ivory tower, how
China has apparently emerged as one of the clearest and most predictable beneficiaries of US President Donald Trump’s “America First” and “Make America Great Again” approach. Many countries are scrambling to defend their interests and reputation regarding an increasingly unpredictable and self-seeking US. There is a growing consensus among foreign policy pundits that the world has already entered the beginning of the end of Pax Americana, the US-led international order. Consequently, a number of countries are reversing their foreign policy preferences. The result has been an accelerating turn toward China as an alternative economic partner, with Beijing hosting Western leaders, albeit
After 37 US lawmakers wrote to express concern over legislators’ stalling of critical budgets, Legislative Speaker Han Kuo-yu (韓國瑜) pledged to make the Executive Yuan’s proposed NT$1.25 trillion (US$39.7 billion) special defense budget a top priority for legislative review. On Tuesday, it was finally listed on the legislator’s plenary agenda for Friday next week. The special defense budget was proposed by President William Lai’s (賴清德) administration in November last year to enhance the nation’s defense capabilities against external threats from China. However, the legislature, dominated by the opposition Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) and Taiwan People’s Party (TPP), repeatedly blocked its review. The
RSS