In the midst of an arid summer that set heat records across Europe, the continent’s rivers are evaporating.
The Rhine — a pillar of the German, Dutch and Swiss economies for centuries — is set to become virtually impassable at a key waypoint later this week, stymieing vast flows of diesel and coal. The Danube, which snakes its way 2,900km through central Europe to the Black Sea, is gummed up too, hampering grain and other trade.
Across Europe, transport is just one of the elements of river-based commerce that has been upended by climate change. France’s power crisis has worsened because the Rhone and Garonne are too warm to effectively cool nuclear reactors, and Italy’s Po is too low to water rice fields and sustain clams for pasta alle vongole.
Illustration: Mountain People
While disruptions to waterways would be a challenge at the best of times, the region is already on the brink of recession as the war in Ukraine fuels inflation by squeezing food and energy supplies. The situation — just four years after a historic halt to Rhine shipping — adds urgency to the EU efforts to make inland shipping more resilient.
The continent’s rivers and canals convey more than 1 tonne of freight annually for each EU resident and contribute about US$80 billion to the region’s economy just as a mode of transport, according to calculations based on Eurostat figures.
However, the fallout from dried-up waterways goes deeper.
“It’s not just about commercial navigation. It’s about freshening up when it’s hot, it’s about irrigating and so many other things,” French water operator VNF director Cecile Azevard said. “Rivers are part of our heritage.”
The poor conditions are expected to drag down the region’s economies far worse than the 5 billion euro (US$5.16 billion) hit caused by Rhine transit issues in 2018, ABN Amro Bank NV economist Albert Jan Swart said.
“The capacity for inland shipping is going to be severely limited as long as there’s not a lot of rain in the area,” he said. “You also get the damage caused in Germany by the high electricity prices. We’re talking billions.”
Even seasoned veterans are shocked. Gunther Jaegers, managing director at Rhine stalwart Reederei Jaegers GmbH, said he fell off his chair earlier this month when he saw the cost of shipping, with one barge rate surging by 30 percent in a single day.
“I’ve never, ever, seen this,” he said. “It is insane.”
While Jaegers and other shippers might be able to charge more per tonne of cargo, they are limited in how much they can carry, as the lower water means they have to take on smaller loads to sail safely. There is no relief in sight.
DRYING LAND
If you look at the weather forecasts, “it’s like desert,” he said.
At the southern end of the Rhine Gorge — an area known for Riesling wines — terraced vineyards have turned brown, while in Cologne, a popular floating restaurant ran aground after waters retreated. A sandbank has emerged about 20km upstream from Kaub, the site of a difficult passage near the famed Lorelei cliffs.
The river’s depth at the town, west of Frankfurt, is forecast to drop to 40cm today. At that level, barges are effectively unable to sail. The water is predicted to fall to as low as 37cm the following day, the German Federal Waterways and Shipping Administration said on Wednesday.
The Rhine, Europe’s most important river, plays a key role in helping transport coal to German power plants to help offset the effect of Russia’s squeeze on gas supplies.
However, German Chancellor Olaf Scholz’s administration is concerned that shipping snarls could undermine plans to revive some mothballed facilities, people familiar with the situation said.
France — normally a power exporter — cannot help ease the energy crunch because only about half the country’s nuclear reactors are available, with the rest off for maintenance. Norway is also gearing up to limit electricity exports as the country prioritizes refilling low reservoirs over power production.
The impact of climate change is mostly felt by people through changing patterns of water supply, either too little or too much. While Europe is suffering a historic drought, deadly floods this year have hit the US state of Kentucky, South Africa and Brazil. China has been hit by both.
As the climate crisis intensifies, it is expected to become worse. Europe’s main river systems are fed in part by Alpine glaciers. In the spring and summer, the runoff augments rainfall, but the ice flows are shrinking. The Alpine region has seen 2°C of warming since the second half of the 19th century, about double the global average, the European Environment Agency said.
That sets off a doom loop, with barren rock absorbing the sun’s heat — rather than reflecting it as glaciers do — accelerating the process. Scientists expect Alpine ice cover to halve by 2050, with almost all glaciers disappearing by the end of this century.
Disturbances to the jet streams that blow east across the Atlantic are also making lengthy drought periods more likely, Germany’s DWD weather service said.
So-called blocking ridges lead to high-pressure zones remaining in place over western Europe for weeks and are typically accompanied by cloudless skies, the Institute of Meteorology at Free University of Berlin said.
“We can adapt to a certain degree, but we’ll never catch up with climate change,” Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research senior scientist Fred Hattermann said. “Surprises will keep coming.”
Human habitation and overexploitation are also putting strains on river systems. About 58 million people live in the Rhine area — one of the wellsprings of the Industrial Revolution — and its water is used for drinking, irrigation, manufacturing and power generation.
Water scarcity in Europe’s river basins affects as much as one-quarter of the region’s territory, the European Environment Agency said.
The conditions that have dried up Europe’s rivers are part of a long-running trend rather than a few bad months, Volue hydrologist Silje Eriksen Holmen said.
Right now, the soil is so parched that most rain would be absorbed. Only when the land has been replenished can water start to flow into rivers, she said.
The Rhine is the lynchpin of Europe’s network of inland waterways. The river, which is connected to the Danube via canal, runs about 1,300km through Swiss and German industrial zones before emptying into the North Sea at the busy Port of Rotterdam in the Netherlands.
COMMERCIAL IMPACTS
The river is irreplaceable for some companies. Germany’s rail network faces chronic congestion, while shifting to road transport is not straightforward either. More than 110 trucks are needed to carry the same load as an average barge, and Germany is suffering a shortage of as many as 80,000 truck drivers — made more severe as Ukrainians return home to fight Russia’s invasion.
Coupled with rising gas prices as Germany ends imports from Russia, the combination represents a threat to inland factories such as BASF SE’s Ludwigshafen plant. If rivers become increasingly unpredictable, these facilities lose a competitive edge.
At the very least, it means stockpiling more, and at worst, it could mean shifting production closer to seaports where there is ample water for shipping and energy infrastructure such as liquefied natural gas terminals.
“Rivers won’t become worthless for transport, but they are likely to become less reliable in the future,” Hattermann said. “The ‘just in time’ model has come to an end. We need to build more buffers into our system.”
Rhine-related issues are starting to ripple through the region. A German refiner reported a run on heating oil and diesel. Switzerland is tapping fuel reserves, and has reported the lowest hydropower levels since 2017. Ferries in the Netherlands have had to halt, affecting cars, trucks even and bicycle traffic in some areas.
Thyssenkrupp AG set up a crisis team that meets daily. Germany’s largest steelmaker is using ships with lower drafts to supply its mill in Duisburg, where the Ruhr flows into the Rhine.
BASF, one of the Rhine’s heaviest users, has ordered custom ships and is using a specially chartered 110m barge to transport liquefied gases to its Ludwigshafen plant. The chemicals giant aims to avoid a repeat of 2018 when low-water disruptions cost it 250 million euros.
Energy utility Uniper SE has said it might have to cut output at two key coal-fired power plants in Germany as the company struggles to get fuel supplies along the Rhine.
The river is lower than it was at this time of year in 2018, when low water levels during the autumn shaved about 0.4 percent off German output, a Kiel Institute for the World Economy study said.
Nils Jannsen, one of the authors, said the estimate is a good start to gauge damages this year.
Predictions are for further declines in water levels, and “this will mean ‘game over’ for more and more barges,” said Joachim Hessler, managing director at shipping company Maintank GmbH.
Due to its worst-ever drought, France has imposed water restrictions throughout almost the entire country. More than 100 municipalities rely on drinking water supplied by trucks.
As the EU’s second-largest economy struggles with an energy crisis, the French nuclear regulator this week granted a temporary waiver for five nuclear plants to discharge hot water into rivers, possibly breaching environmental standards. The move comes just as long-term prices set new records in France and Germany.
FOOD SUPPLY HIT
In Italy’s Po Valley — home to about 30 percent of the country’s agriculture production — torrid heat and exceptionally dry conditions have hurt corn and sunflower production, and forced rice farmers to cut plantings, after the river fell to its lowest level in 70 years.
In its delta just south of Venice, the disruption to the natural flow is causing algae to decay, and stealing the oxygen needed for clams and mussels to survive, farm association Coldiretti said.
“We are very worried,” said Alessandro Faccioli, owner of a fishing trawler in the Veneto region. “We need urgent government intervention to save the lagoon’s environment,” he said, adding that so far this summer about 30 percent of clams in the area have been destroyed, and at least 2,300 local fishermen and workers could lose their jobs.
A state of emergency was declared in five northern and central regions, and Italy has said about one-third of its agricultural production, one of the largest in the EU, is at risk from droughts and poor water infrastructure.
On the Danube, emergency dredging operations are under way in Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia, and ships are backed up waiting for channels to be cleared. The most critical spots are in the Zimnicea area along the Romanian-Bulgarian border and farther down river in Cernavoda, which affects shipping to Ukraine.
“It’s the most serious situation we’ve had in the past 20 years,” said Gabriel Techera, investor relations director at Transport Trade Services, Romania’s biggest river freight company.
Aside from cargo, tourism is also feeling the impact. At the end of last month, the 135m Adora cruise ship was en route to Passau, Germany, from the Danube delta with more than 130 passengers. With water levels dropping, the tourists had to take a flight from Bucharest instead.
“We have to pray for rain, but that’s stupid. We need some predictability,” Dunav Tours AD head of tourist services Rossen Ossenov said.
Keeping the Danube navigable is crucial for energy supplies, as barges bring coal to feed generators when output from hydro facilities is suffering, Serbian Minister of Construction, Transport and Infrastructure Tomislav Momirovic said as he toured dredging at four sites along Serbia’s 950km section of the Danube.
It is a race against time to maintain shipping for crude and oil products through the Danube’s bottlenecks to help contain soaring prices, he said, pledging that cleaning the river bottom would be done in a few weeks.
CLIMATE SETBACK
The bitter irony is that the waterways are a key part of the EU’s efforts to fight climate change. In its green transition plans, the European Commission targets a 25 percent increase in transport by inland waterways and short-distance sea shipping by 2030. The effort is backed by the 95.5 billion euro Horizon Europe fund, which is supporting investment in shallow-water boats and engineering work to make shipping lanes more reliable.
In an effort to avoid a repeat of the 2018 disruption, Germany is pursuing measures to keep the Rhine open, including dredging and early warning systems. The country is also considering more invasive options like reservoirs that could release water to offset reduced flows from glaciers.
In some cases, it is a battle of small measurements. Between the German towns of St Goar and Budenheim, the Rhine’s depth is expected to increase by 20cm in a project that is not scheduled to be completed until the early 2030s. By that point, it could be too late for many businesses that depend on Europe’s rivers.
Ines Flores, who runs a company that offers boat tours in an area known as the French Grand Canyon, had to shut activity in one of the two beaches where she operates.
“I’ve never seen anything like that,” she said. “There is nothing I can do. This is happening because of climate change. This is happening because of all of us.”
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