Wed, Jan 09, 2013 page9

• Academics differ on how to approach pedophilia

  In the UK, the scandal over the late TV presenter Jimmy Savile, who is accused of sexually abusing underage girls, caused public revulsion, but experts disagree about what causes pedophilia, with some saying it is a sexual orientation like any other and others even claiming consensual pedophilic relations are harmless

  • By Jon Henley / The Guardian, LONDON
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  In 1976, the National Council for Civil Liberties (NCCL) — the respectable and responsible UK pressure group now known as Liberty — made a submission to the UK parliament’s Criminal Law Revision Committee. It barely caused a ripple.

  “Childhood sexual experiences, willingly engaged in with an adult result in no identifiable damage ... The real need is a change in the attitude which assumes that all cases of pedophilia result in lasting damage,” it read.

  It is difficult today, after the public firestorm unleashed by revelations about Jimmy Savile and the host of child abuse allegations they have triggered, to imagine any mainstream group making such a claim. However, if it is shocking to realize how dramatically attitudes to pedophilia have changed in just three decades, it is even more surprising to discover how little agreement there is even now among those who are considered experts on the subject.

  

  Illustration: Mountain People

  A liberal professor of psychology who studied in the late 1970s will see things very differently from someone working in child protection, or with convicted sex offenders. There is, astonishingly, not even a full academic consensus on whether consensual pedophilic relations necessarily cause harm.

  So what do we know? A pedophile is someone who has a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children. Savile appears to have been primarily an ephebophile, defined as someone who has a similar preferential attraction to adolescents.

  However, not all pedophiles are child molesters and vice versa: By no means does every pedophile acts on his impulses and many people who sexually abuse children are not exclusively or primarily sexually attracted to them. “True” pedophiles are estimated by some experts to account for only 20 percent of sexual abusers. Nor are pedophiles necessarily violent: no firm links have so far been established between pedophilia and aggressive or psychotic symptoms.

  Psychologist Glenn Wilson, co-author of The Child-Lovers: A Study of Pedophiles in Society, argues that: “The majority of pedophiles, however socially inappropriate, seem to be gentle and rational.”

  Needless to say, legal definitions of pedophilia have no truck with such niceties, focusing on the offense, not the offender. The UK’s Sex Offenders Act of 1997 defined pedophilia as a sexual relationship between an adult over 18 and a child below 16.

  There is much more we do not know, including how many pedophiles there are. A widely accepted figure is between 1 percent and 2 percent of men, but Sarah Goode, author of two major sociological studies on pedophilia, says the best current estimate — based on possibly flawed science — is that “one in five of all adult men are, to some degree, capable of being sexually aroused by children.”

  Even less is known about female pedophiles, thought to be responsible for maybe 5 percent of abuse against pre-pubescent children in the UK.

  Debate also still rages about the clinical definition of pedophilia. Down the years, the American Psychological Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders — “the psychiatrist’s bible” — has variously classified it as a sexual deviation, a sociopathic condition and a non-psychotic medical disorder.

  Furthermore, few agree about what causes it. Is pedophilia innate or acquired? Research at the sexual behaviors clinic of Canada’s Centre for Addiction and Mental Health suggests a link to brain development. Magnetic resonance imaging scans reveal a possible issue with pedophiles’ “white matter” — the signals connecting different areas of the brain — meaning that pedophiles may be wired differently.

  This is radical stuff. However, there is a growing conviction — notably in Canada — that pedophilia should probably be classified as a distinct sexual orientation, like heterosexuality or homosexuality. Two eminent researchers testified to that effect to a Canadian parliamentary commission last year and the Harvard University Mental Health Letter of July 2010 baldly stated that pedophilia “is a sexual orientation” and therefore “unlikely to change.”

  Child protection agencies and many who work with sex offenders dislike this.

  “Broadly speaking, in the world of people who work with sex offenders here, [pedophilia] is learned behavior,” said Donald Findlater, director of research and development at the Lucy Faithfull Foundation, a charity dedicated to preventing child sexual abuse. “There may be some vulnerabilities that could be genetic, but normally there are some significant events in a person’s life, a sexually abusive event, a bullying environment ... I believe it is learned and can be unlearned.”

  Chris Wilson of Circles UK, which helps released offenders, also rejects the idea that pedophilia is a sexual orientation.

  “The roots of that desire for sex with a child lie in dysfunctional psychological issues to do with power, control, anger, emotional loneliness, isolation,” he said.

  If the complexity and divergence of professional opinion may have helped create today’s panic around pedophilia, a media obsession with the subject has done more. A sustained hue and cry exemplified by the London-based News of the World newspaper’s notorious “name and shame” campaign in 2000, which brought mobs on to the UK’s streets to demonstrate against the presence of shadowy monsters in their midst. As a result, paranoia about the danger from solitary, predatory deviants far outweighs the infinitely more real menace of abuse within the home or extended circle.

  “The vast majority of sexual violence is committed by people known to the victim,” said Kieran Mccartan, senior lecturer in criminology at the University of the West of England.

  However, the reclassification of pedophilia as a sexual orientation would play into what Goode calls “the sexual liberation discourse,” which has existed since the 1970s.

  “There are a lot of people who say: ‘We outlawed homosexuality and we were wrong.’ Perhaps we’re wrong about pedophilia,” she said.

  Social perceptions do change. Child brides were once the norm — in the late 16th century the age of consent in England was 10. More recently, campaigning organizations of the 1970s and 1980s such as the Paedophile Information Exchange (PIE) and Paedophile Action for Liberation were active members of the NCCL when it made its parliamentary submission questioning the lasting damage caused by consensual pedophilic relations.

  Even now there is no consensus on that fundamental question — as Goode found. Some academics do not dispute the view of Tom O’Carroll, a former PIE chairman and tireless pedophilia advocate with a conviction for distributing indecent photographs of children following a sting operation, that society’s outrage at pedophilic relationships is essentially irrational and not justified by science.

  “It is the quality of the relationship that matters,” O’Carroll said. “If there’s no coercion, no abuse of power, if the child enters into the relationship voluntarily ... the evidence shows there need be no harm.”

  Obviously, this is not a widely held view. Mccartan uses O’Carroll’s book Paedophilia: The Radical Case in his teaching as “it shows how sex offenders justify themselves.”

  Findlater said the notion that a seven-year-old can make an informed choice for consensual sex with an adult is “just preposterous. It is adults exploiting children.”

  Goode puts it simply: “Children are not developmentally ready for adult sexuality,” adding that it is “intrusive behavior that violates the child’s emerging self-identity” and can be similar in long-term impact to adults experiencing domestic violence or torture.

  Yet not all experts are sure. A Dutch study published in 1987 found that a sample of boys in pedophilic relationships felt positively about them. A major if still controversial 1998 to 2000 meta-study suggests — as J. Michael Bailey of Chicago’s Northwestern University says — that such relationships, entered into voluntarily, are “nearly uncorrelated with undesirable outcomes.”

  Most people find that idea impossible. However, writing last year in the peer-reviewed Archives of Sexual Behaviour, Bailey said that while he also found the notion “disturbing,” he was forced to recognize that “persuasive evidence for the harmfulness of pedophilic relationships does not yet exist.”

  If that assertion does nothing else, it underlines the need for more research on pedophilia — something on which everyone in the field at least is agreed. There is also a broad consensus around the idea that the approach to pedophilia must be about management and prevention: on stopping potential offenders making that contact (or downloading that image).

  Initiatives such as Stop It Now!, which Findlater runs, exemplify this. Stop it Now! is a telephone helpline offering advice to people worried they may be having inappropriate sexual impulses. A similar German program, Prevention Project Dunkenfeld, has as its slogan: “You are not guilty because of your sexual desire, but you are responsible for your sexual behavior. There is help.”

  For convicted abusers, Circles UK aims to prevent reoffending by forming volunteer “circles of support and accountability” around recently released offenders, reducing isolation and providing practical help. In Canada, where it originated, the group has cut reoffending by 70 percent. The goal of all treatment is “people achieving a daily motivation not to cause harm again,” Findlater said.

  However, Goode said broader, societal change is needed.

  “Adult sexual attraction to children is part of the continuum of human sexuality; it’s not something we can eliminate,” she said. “If we can talk about this rationally — acknowledge that yes, men do get sexually attracted to children, but no, they don’t have to act on it — we can maybe avoid the hysteria. We won’t label pedophiles monsters; it won’t be taboo to see and name what is happening in front of us.”
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