Sun, Mar 07, 2004 page9

• `Attosecond': prefixating on the very large or small

  • By William Safire / NY TIMES NEWS SERVICE
  • • 
    • 
    • 

  "Do you have a minute?" That's what we used to say when the person we were accosting was in a rush.

  That notion of a very short time was reduced, not long ago, to the split second, which was defined by New York Traffic Commissioner T.T. Wiley in 1950 as "the time between the light turning green and the guy behind you honking."

  Of late, the word used to denote an extremely short time -- something that takes place quick as a flash, faster than a speeding bullet, with greater alacrity than greased lightning and far faster than the old, slow blink of an eye -- is a "nanosecond." With its prefix rooted in the Greek nanos, "dwarf," that word zipped past "millimicrosecond" in 1958 as the metric system became dominant, to become the word that filled the desperate need for "billionth of a second."

  Scientists often wrote it as one over 10 to the ninth power, and in 1965, W.H. Auden seized "nanosecond" from the scientific world and juxtaposed its tininess with another word in a poem: "Translated in a nano-second/To a c.c. of poisonous nothing/In a giga-death." That was quite a poetic stretch: from "nano-," very small, to "giga-" (from the Greek for "giant"), which has ballooned past "super-" and "mega-" on up to what dress manufacturers call "plus size."

  That was the state of play in the size game until the numeral "billion" lost its zing. To federal budgeters and to media-merger moguls, a billion dollars ceased to be a big deal (which sapped all the irony out of Senator Everett Dirksen's "A billion here, a billion there, and pretty soon you're talking about real money.") In the same way, a "billionth" ceased to be so infinitesimal to squinting scientists. In both directions, up and down, prefixes for 10 to the ninth power didn't quite do it.

  Which brings us to this item from a press release put out by Nature magazine, which some of us read avidly to elevate our metaphoria. (That word, coined just now, means "extremely high euphoria," but falls well short of "gigaphoria.")

  "Scientists have measured the shortest time interval ever," the magazine reported that researchers had reported. "Ferenc Krausz and colleagues used short pulses of laser light to watch an electron moving around inside an atom, and were able to distinguish events to within 100 attoseconds -- that's a 10-million-billionth of a second." For those of us unable to grasp hairsplitting that thin, Nature explained: "Imagine stretching 100 attoseconds until they lasted for one second -- on the same scale, one second would last for about 300 million years."

  Do we really need this measurement? You bet we do. "It takes an electron about 150 attoseconds to `orbit' around the proton at the center of a hydrogen atom," noted Nature. "Opening up the attosecond timescale could therefore provide new insights into the incredibly fast processes of the atomic world."

  The greatest geniuses on earth apparently inundated the Nature boys with a collective "Hunh?"

  Soon after that, there came this clarification: "In the press release sent out by Nature on Thursday entitled `How Long Is an Instant?' there was some ambiguity concerning the wording re: the length of 100 attoseconds. To clarify: `100 attoseconds' is equivalent to a 10-million-billionth of a second."

  I can't hang around counting up to 100 of those lethargic little dinguses, but I take my hat off to the magazine's editors for moving briskly to prevent the extrapolation of error. (Only last month, I attributed a quotation to Vermont Royster that belonged to Bernard Kilgore: "If I see `upcoming` in the paper again, I'll be downcoming and someone will be outgoing."

  I got a lot of incoming from Wall Street Journal friends about that, which forces me to be so forthcoming.)

  But here we are down to the very instant of instantaneous. To nuclear scientists, the language must be tasked to keep pace with their progress: "Itsy-bitsy, teeny-weeny" doesn't cut it anymore.

  When you hear someone say, "Not in a nanosecond," you are now equipped to respond, "In an attosecond." But you might be interested in something slower. Other prefixes are at hand: "tera-," from the Greek for "monster"; "peta-," 10 to the 15th power; "zetta-," from the Latin for "seven" (standing for the seventh power of 10 to the third, or a sextillion, a rather large zettabyte) -- I could go on.

  And will. Perhaps you recall TV's Jerry Seinfeld saying, "Yotta, yotta, yotta," rooted in Lenny Bruce's "yadda-yadda-yadda" in the '60s, to indicate an interminable continuation of blather. This could be influenced by the Greek "okto," "eight," and the eighth power of 10 to the third equals 10 to the 24th, or one septillion -- leading to "yottabyte" or "yottasecond."

  What large point am I making in this measurement of the infinitely small or incomprehensibly huge? It is that the language is ready for anything.

  No breakthrough in genetics or astronomy or math or physics is too big or small or complex to resist nomenclature. You find it or invent it or measure it, we'll name it. With Walt Whitman, the language sings, "I am large -- I contain multitudes."
• Most Popular

  • 1

    Roadside saliva tests to begin by end of the year

  • 2

    Torrential rain expected this week, the CWA says

  • 3

    Monkeys down Brothers to take 2-0 lead in series

  • 4

    Urban mining could evade China’s grip

  • 5

    Registration for NT$10,000 to open on Nov. 5