For editors at the Kashmir Walla, fact-checking a story used to involve a flurry of online research before press time. So when an 18-month Internet and phone shutdown began in the Indian Himalayan region in 2019, they had to improvise.
“We used to leave blank spaces in news stories when we couldn’t verify certain facts. Every week, a team member would fly to Delhi and fill in the blanks,” said Yash Raj Sharma, an editor with the weekly magazine.
It was one of numerous headaches for the region’s journalists. Unable to use his mobile phone, Sharma, 25, recalled driving to a telephone booth at Srinagar airport to dictate an 800-word news story to a friend in Delhi.
Photo: AP
“That incident will remain with me forever as a memory of working during the longest communication and Internet shutdown,” said Sharma, who also used to call friends in Delhi to ask them to read out and respond to his e-mails.
India revoked the special status of its portion of Kashmir, known as Jammu and Kashmir, on Aug. 5, 2019, in a bid to fully integrate its only Muslim-majority region with the rest of the country. Anticipating major unrest, authorities imposed a communications blackout, cutting off phone and Internet connections.
The shutdown lasted until Feb. 5 last year, when 4G mobile data services were reinstated in the region. Slow-speed Internet was restored a year earlier, but with limited access.
For older Kashmiris, it was a journey back in time to the pre-Internet days of their youth of letters and landlines.
For the young, it felt like “living in the stone age,” said Umer Maqbool, 25, who took out a bank loan to buy cameras and other equipment to set up a videography business in August 2019 — just as the shutdown began.
He got no bookings until the Internet was restored, and had to borrow from family and friends to make the loan payments.
“I had put all my hopes on the earnings from the business, but there was something else written in my destiny,” Maqbool, who supports a family of five, said.
India shut off the Internet at least 106 times last year — the highest number of shutdowns globally for the fourth consecutive year, according to digital rights group Access Now, costing the economy an estimated US$600 million.
Of these outages, at least 85 were in Jammu and Kashmir, largely on security grounds.
Elsewhere in the country, authorities have also shut off the Internet and mobile Internet during elections, protests, religious festivals and examinations.
It is “extremely easy” to suspend the Internet in India, as federal and state officers can do so “without any prior judicial authorization,” said Krishnesh Bapat, an associate litigation counsel at the nonprofit Internet Freedom Foundation.
“The suspensions are justified as ‘strong decisions’ in response to protests or cheating in exams, or other law and order issues ... despite the fact that there is little empirical evidence to suggest they lead to better law and order outcomes,” he said.
The Indian Ministry of Home Affairs did not respond to requests for comment.
Internet shutdowns have become more sophisticated worldwide, lasting longer, harming people and the economy, and targeting vulnerable groups, said Access Now, which recorded 182 Internet shutdowns in 34 countries last year, up from 159 shutdowns in 29 nations the previous year.
India is one of the few countries to have codified rules in 2017 under which the Internet can be suspended.
In 2020, the Supreme Court said that access to the Internet was a fundamental right, and that the indefinite shutdown of the internet in Kashmir was illegal. It also said that all orders on Internet shutdowns must be made public.
Yet officials have continued to pull the plug — including in Kashmir — often without giving reasons, and the courts have rarely challenged the government, Bapat said.
“It is difficult to challenge the suspension of Internet services because by the time the aggrieved parties reach the courts, the Internet shutdown orders expire,” he said. “But the legal challenges are needed because of the frequency with which the laws are flouted.”
In a significant shift earlier this year, the Calcutta High Court struck down an order by the West Bengal government suspending Internet services in several districts, aimed at stopping students from cheating in the exams.
In its judgement, the court said the order was “unreasoned” and did not show a public emergency.
There have been more than 400 Internet outages in Kashmir over the past decade, and shutdowns have become more frequent in the past few years, a tracker showed.
Kashmir has been at the heart of more than 70 years of animosity, since the partition of the British colony of India into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu-majority India.
The region is divided between India — which rules the Kashmir Valley and the Hindu-dominated region around Jammu — and Pakistan, which controls a wedge of territory in the west, and China, which holds a thinly populated area in the north.
During the 2019 shutdown, Kashmiris waited in long lines to make calls from phone lines in government offices, police stations and other public places, or boarded crowded trains to travel to towns with Internet access.
With Internet speed restricted to 2G during much of the COVID-19 lockdowns, people struggled to work from home, attend online classes or even access healthcare information online.
It cost Jammu and Kashmir tens of thousands of jobs as small and medium-sized businesses closed, according to the Kashmir Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and took a heavy toll on young Kashmiris such as Maleeha Sofi, 22.
The Monday that the shutdown began, she had planned to go to a college in Srinagar to check on the admission process.
She eventually joined the college eight months later, and struggled with her classmates through the outages that made it difficult to do course work and prepare for exams.
“We have now become used to Internet shutdowns. We know it can happen anytime, so we have learned that we should never rely on the internet, and learned to live without it,” she said.
Others have run out patience with the disruption to their studies.
Insha, 22, moved to Delhi four years ago for college.
“I couldn’t stay in a place where the Internet can get disrupted anytime — for days and even months,” she said. “I didn’t see a future in Kashmir.”
Nvidia Corp earned its US$2.2 trillion market cap by producing artificial intelligence (AI) chips that have become the lifeblood powering the new era of generative AI developers from start-ups to Microsoft Corp, OpenAI and Google parent Alphabet Inc. Almost as important to its hardware is the company’s nearly 20 years’ worth of computer code, which helps make competition with the company nearly impossible. More than 4 million global developers rely on Nvidia’s CUDA software platform to build AI and other apps. Now a coalition of tech companies that includes Qualcomm Inc, Google and Intel Corp plans to loosen Nvidia’s chokehold by going
DECOUPLING? In a sign of deeper US-China technology decoupling, Apple has held initial talks about using Baidu’s generative AI technology in its iPhones, the Wall Street Journal said China has introduced guidelines to phase out US microprocessors from Intel Corp and Advanced Micro Devices Inc (AMD) from government PCs and servers, the Financial Times reported yesterday. The procurement guidance also seeks to sideline Microsoft Corp’s Windows operating system and foreign-made database software in favor of domestic options, the report said. Chinese officials have begun following the guidelines, which were unveiled in December last year, the report said. They order government agencies above the township level to include criteria requiring “safe and reliable” processors and operating systems when making purchases, the newspaper said. The US has been aiming to boost domestic semiconductor
ENERGY IMPACT: The electricity rate hike is expected to add about NT$4 billion to TSMC’s electricity bill a year and cut its annual earnings per share by about NT$0.154 Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co (TSMC, 台積電) has left its long-term gross margin target unchanged despite the government deciding on Friday to raise electricity rates. One of the heaviest power consuming manufacturers in Taiwan, TSMC said it always respects the government’s energy policy and would continue to operate its fabs by making efforts in energy conservation. The chipmaker said it has left a long-term goal of more than 53 percent in gross margin unchanged. The Ministry of Economic Affairs concluded a power rate evaluation meeting on Friday, announcing electricity tariffs would go up by 11 percent on average to about NT$3.4518 per kilowatt-hour (kWh)
OPENING ADDRESS: The CEO is to give a speech on the future of high-performance computing and artificial intelligence at the trade show’s opening on June 3, TAITRA said Advanced Micro Devices Inc (AMD) chairperson and chief executive officer Lisa Su (蘇姿丰) is to deliver the opening keynote speech at Computex Taipei this year, the event’s organizer said in a statement yesterday. Su is to give a speech on the future of high-performance computing (HPC) in the artificial intelligence (AI) era to open Computex, one of the world’s largest computer and technology trade events, at 9:30am on June 3, the Taiwan External Trade Development Council (TAITRA) said. Su is to explore how AMD and the company’s strategic technology partners are pushing the limits of AI and HPC, from data centers to