Cryptocurrencies are not scalable and are more likely to suffer a breakdown in trust and efficiency the greater the number of people using them, the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) said on Sunday in its latest warning about the rise of virtual currencies.
For any form of money to work across large networks it requires trust in the stability of its value and in its ability to scale efficiently, the BIS, an umbrella group for the world’s central banks, said in its annual report.
However, trust can disappear instantly because of the fragility of the decentralized networks on which cryptocurrencies depend, it said.
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Those networks are also prone to congestion the bigger they become, said the BSI, citing the high transaction fees of the best-known digital currency — bitcoin — and the limited number of transactions per second they can handle.
“Trust can evaporate at any time because of the fragility of the decentralized consensus through which transactions are recorded,” it said.
“Not only does this call into question the finality of individual payments, it also means that a cryptocurrency can simply stop functioning, resulting in a complete loss of value,” it said.
BIS head of research Hyun Song-shin said that sovereign money had value because it had users, but many people holding cryptocurrencies did so often purely for speculative purposes.
“Without users, it would simply be a worthless token. That’s true whether it’s a piece of paper with a face on it, or a digital token,” he said.
The dependency of users on so-called miners to record and verify cryptotransactions is also flawed, the BIS said, requiring vast and costly energy use.
It has issued a series of warnings this year after an explosive rise in cryptocurrency values attracted a wave of followers.
BIS general manager Agustin Carstens has described bitcoin as “a combination of a bubble, a Ponzi scheme and an environmental disaster.”
The BIS has told central banks to think hard about the potential risks before issuing their own cryptocurrencies.
No central bank has issued a digital currency, though the Riksbank in Sweden, where the use of cash has fallen, is studying a retail e-krona for small payments.
The BIS added that effective regulation of digital coins needed to be global, targeting regulated financial institutions and companies offering crypto-related services.
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