In the short space of 14 years, from its inception 100 years ago in 1919 to its forcible closure under the Nazis in 1933, the Bauhaus school laid the foundations of the face of modern design, and established the system for how it was to be taught.
Marcel Breuer (1902-1981), for example, combined leather and textiles with his innovative tubular steel furniture to create tables, chairs and coffee tables with functional, modern designs. These designs became popular the world over and are still in production today. Breuer even named one of his chairs the Wassily Chair after his teacher, Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944).
Walter Gropius’ Bauhaus was also something of a utopian social experiment. The teachers he brought in developed the school’s unique instruction methodology and practices. Kandinsky, for example, taught his students to apply theoretical analyses to color, points, lines and planes, while Paul Klee (1879-1940) taught how all complex forms evolve from simple basic forms. The key to grasping complex natural forms, according to Klee, was in understanding the process in which these natural forms developed, as with the way in which a plant grew, or a flower bloomed. In this way, abstract ideas could be realized in concrete form. Students would then take these principles and apply them to other things.
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The school came under pressure from the Nazis because of its leftist leanings, and Gropius was obliged to relocate Bauhaus from Weimar to Dessau in 1925 as a consequence. At this point in time, Germany had largely recovered from the desolation of World War I. The economy was strong again. Bauhaus was able to take on a more practical role, to meet the market demands in its new home, and the school and the city were able to work together in the fields of graphic design, furniture, textiles and architecture.
American automobile manufacturer Henry Ford’s biography was translated into German in 1923. His concepts of the assembly line, standardized manufacturing processes and the scientific approach to management systems was instrumental in the creation of a more practical, industrialized orientation for German design. It also allowed the Bauhaus school to marry its idealistic design concepts with more practical applications and, through mass production, have its influence felt throughout the globe.
(Translated by Paul Cooper)
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包浩斯從一百年前的一九一九年創校,到一九三三年被納粹強行關閉,短短十四年間,卻奠定了當代設計的風貌,即便是現今的設計教育系統,亦不出其範疇。
例如馬塞爾·布勞耶(一九○二~一九八一年)首創鋼管家具,結合皮革或紡織品,設計出大量功能良好、造型現代化的桌子、椅子、茶几等家具,風靡全世界,至今仍在生產。布勞耶甚至把一款椅子命名為「瓦西里椅」,來向老師瓦西里‧康丁斯基(一八六六~一九四四年)致敬。
葛羅培斯所構設的包浩斯,也是他帶有烏托邦色彩的社會實驗,他所聘請的老師,形塑了學生的訓練方式和作品實踐。例如康丁斯基教學生分析色彩和點、線、面等形體的理論;保羅·克利(一八七九~一九四○年)引導學生說,所有的複雜型態都是從簡單的基本型態演變出來的,若要掌握複雜的自然形態,關鍵在於了解自然形態形成的過程,例如植物生長、開花的過程等。如此一來,抽象的內容便和具體的設計聯繫起來,學生便得以舉一反三。
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由於包浩斯的左派傾向,威瑪的納粹政府在一九二五年將包浩斯驅離,葛羅培斯便將學校遷至德紹。在此時期,德國已走出第一次世界大戰後的頹敗,成為經濟強國。由於德紹城市發展的需求,使得包浩斯更「入世」──舉凡平面設計、家具、織品、建築等,都是學校與德紹市「建教合作」的發揮場域。
美國汽車大王亨利·福特的自傳在一九二三年翻譯成德文出版,福特的流水線、標準化生產,以及科學管理體制,對德國設計轉向現實主義、工業化生產造成關鍵影響,也讓包浩斯帶有理想主義的設計理念與現實密切結合,隨著大量生產而影響無遠弗屆。
(台北時報林俐凱)
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Taiwanese cuisine boasts a rich culture of thick soups, with various options available at street vendors or high-end restaurants. In English, this style of dish is typically called “thick soup.” Western cuisine typically uses flour, cream, or mashed vegetables to create a creamy consistency, while in Taiwan, thick soups are made by simply incorporating food starch into the soup and creating a smooth and silky texture. Tutuo fish in thick soup is such a soup with fried tutuo fish chunks, shiitake mushrooms, bamboo shoots, and wood ears. 台灣羹品飲食文化豐富,無論是巷口小店或是高檔餐廳,都有提供羹料理。羹在英文稱作「濃湯」,西式濃湯是以麵粉、鮮奶油、蔬菜泥等達到濃稠的口感,台灣的羹湯用太白粉即能做出濃稠絲滑的湯頭。土魠魚羹就是在勾芡的羹湯中加入炸土魠魚塊、香菇、竹筍、木耳等食材的料理。 boast (v.) 擁有(令人驕傲的事物) consistency (n.) 濃稠度 chunk (n.) 厚塊,大塊 wood ear (n. ph.) 木耳 The star of this
Huge stretches of coral reef around the world are turning a ghostly white this year amid record warm ocean temperatures. On April 15, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration confirmed the world’s fourth mass global bleaching event is underway — with serious consequences for marine life and for the people and economies that rely on reefs. WHAT ARE CORALS? Corals are invertebrates that live in colonies. Their calcium carbonate secretions form hard and protective scaffolding that serves as a home to many colorful species of single-celled algae. The two organisms have evolved over millennia to work together, with corals providing shelter to algae,
A: So who were Hollywood’s highest-paid stars of 2023? B: No. 5 to No. 2 were: Matt Damon with US$43 million, Ryan Gosling with US$43 million, Tom Cruise with US$45 million, and Margot Robbie with US$59 million. A: Didn’t Tom Cruise top the list? B: Nope, Adam Sandler was No.1, having made US$73 million, which is about NT$2.34 billion. A: Wow, maybe I should change my career to acting. A: 好萊塢去年的片酬排行榜前幾名是誰? B: 第5到2名是︰麥特戴蒙、4300萬美元,雷恩葛斯林、4300萬美元,湯姆克魯斯、4500萬美元,瑪格羅比、5900萬美元。 A: 冠軍竟然不是阿湯哥? B: 是亞當山德勒、片酬7300萬美元,大約23.4億台幣! A: 天啊或許我也該轉行當演員啦。 (By Eddy Chang, Taipei Times/台北時報張聖恩)
A symbol of purity and cleanliness, the color white is the standard color for coats worn by doctors. While this has been the case for well over 100 years, it hasn’t always been so. In fact, before the late 19th century, doctors wore formal black attire, which was similar to that worn by clergymen. Black was chosen for practical reasons—it hid stains from medical procedures and presented a sense of seriousness. The major reason for the color change of the doctor’s coat was to distinguish qualified, professional doctors from those with little or no medical training. Since medical science