As a final act of his presidency -- it will end at the Communist Party meeting beginning today -- China's President Jiang Zemin (江澤民) wants businessmen to join the party leadership. Karl Marx and Mao Zedong (
Officially, China remains communist. Yet companies in China face far fewer regulations than in Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Germany, France and Sweden. Even in comparison with the US, China is a capitalist paradise -- so long as you steer clear of the central government.
For example, tariffs (which are set by the central government but administered locally) are low or nonexistent for companies that take advantage of China's regional systems of tax-free zones and tax benefits.
None of this was conceivable as recently as 1992, when Beijing's proclamation of "one country, two systems" -- and the decision to peg the yuan to the Hong Kong dollar -- unleashed the floodgates of foreign investment. Money poured into the Shenzhen and Shanghai stock markets, as did direct investment to build factories and offices in tax-free zones.
The trappings of entrepreneurial culture are everywhere. The face of General Electric's longtime boss Jack Welch is in bookstore windows across China, although his latest book is probably a pirated edition because China still has a way to go on copyright protection. Many managers attended China's elite foreign language schools (which trained spies during the Cold War era) and then headed to the US for an MBA. Back home, they practice just-in-time manufacturing, 360-degree performance evaluations (including bosses reviewed by subordinates) and re-engineering -- all with unmatched resourcefulness and purposefulness.
In fact, more students than ever who left for universities in Japan, the US and Europe are being lured back. The Dalian local government constructed an elaborate software development park a la Silicon Valley, where students returning from abroad can rent low-cost office space for startup companies. They benefit from broadband network environments, introductions to investors and financial angels and exposure to each other. Like rival businesses in a single large corporation, other cities are creating their own incubators and lures for talent as well.
As a result, China's reputation for lackluster innovation is changing. Consider the story of Shenyang-based Neusoft Group, China's largest publicly traded software company, with sales of US$134 million last year. Neusoft began as a low-cost competitor to Oracle Corporation.
After moving on to car audio equipment, Neusoft's CEO Liu Jiren began hearing complaints from local hospitals about the high cost of specialized X-ray, MRI, ultrasound and CT-scanning machines (such as those made by GE, Philips, Siemens and Toshiba).
Suddenly, a new business was born. Liu realized that Neusoft could link standard Intel chips and its own imaging software to a range of digital sensors. Neusoft's equipment looks like little personal computers with sensors attached. But it is inexpensive and adaptable enough that every hospital room can now have its own multipurpose scanner.
In the US or Japan, facing entrenched industry opposition, such a startup might never have gotten off the ground.
But by selling to Chinese hospitals first, Neusoft built up a customer base that will allow it to challenge the existing medical electronics industry worldwide, just as Honda and Toyota challenged the worldwide auto industry in the 1970s.
Nor is Neusoft alone. Little Swan sells washing machines in 40 countries, while Legend Group is now the world's largest manufacturer of personal computers (mostly sold under other brand names).
Hua Wei, based in Shenzhen with 14,000 employees (70 percent of whom are engineers), makes routers and telecommunications switches at half the price of most global companies. Many leading American and European telephone equipment manufacturers fear Hua Wei more than Fujitsu or NEC.
The Chinese have grasped the hidden key to Japan's success in the 1970s and 1980s. Companies like Toshiba and Sony depended on two regions -- Otaku in Tokyo, and Higashi Osaka in Osaka Prefecture -- where thousands of manufacturers of precision mechanical and electronic components were clustered.
Today, Otaku and Higashi Osaka are anachronisms. With modern highways, port facilities and communications links available, a cell phone manufacturer in Shenzhen might receive just-in-time deliveries of parts several times a day from suppliers that are only hours away.
Similar manufacturing clusters are sprouting up everywhere in China. Dalian is becoming a center for software development and Japanese-language back-office work, such as insurance processing and call centers.
Japanese companies also prefer Qingdao, on the Shandong Peninsula, which specializes in production of high-quality processed food.
More than 4,000 Taiwanese manufacturers have set up shop in Xiamen and Dongguan. Zhongguancun, a former military research zone in Beijing that houses half a million scientists and engineers, is popular with American high-tech companies.
All this clustering resulted in state-of-the-art production and cutting-edge business. Consider Japan's Fast Retailing Company, which sells high-quality clothing manufactured in China under the Uniqlo brand in its own Japanese outlets.
Fast Retailing charges one-third the price that competitors charge and earns nearly five times the margin.
The verb "to uniqlo-ize" (to cut costs dramatically through Chinese production and eliminating intermediaries) has entered Japan's business vernacular, as in, "Can we uniqlo-ize the housing industry?"
The US confronted something similar in the late 1980s. It responded by internalizing foreign competitors like Sony, Toyota, Bayer, Nestle and DaimlerChrysler -- in effect turning them into US companies with US investors, loyalties and even corporate cultures.
The challenge for the US, Europe and Japan will now be to internalize Chinese companies and methods in order to galvanize their own to higher levels of productivity and innovation.
Kenichi Ohmae, one of the world's leading business strategists, is president of Ohmae Associates and has advised many of Japan's governments.
Copyright: Project Syndicate
US President Donald Trump and Chinese President Xi Jinping (習近平) were born under the sign of Gemini. Geminis are known for their intelligence, creativity, adaptability and flexibility. It is unlikely, then, that the trade conflict between the US and China would escalate into a catastrophic collision. It is more probable that both sides would seek a way to de-escalate, paving the way for a Trump-Xi summit that allows the global economy some breathing room. Practically speaking, China and the US have vulnerabilities, and a prolonged trade war would be damaging for both. In the US, the electoral system means that public opinion
In their recent op-ed “Trump Should Rein In Taiwan” in Foreign Policy magazine, Christopher Chivvis and Stephen Wertheim argued that the US should pressure President William Lai (賴清德) to “tone it down” to de-escalate tensions in the Taiwan Strait — as if Taiwan’s words are more of a threat to peace than Beijing’s actions. It is an old argument dressed up in new concern: that Washington must rein in Taipei to avoid war. However, this narrative gets it backward. Taiwan is not the problem; China is. Calls for a so-called “grand bargain” with Beijing — where the US pressures Taiwan into concessions
The term “assassin’s mace” originates from Chinese folklore, describing a concealed weapon used by a weaker hero to defeat a stronger adversary with an unexpected strike. In more general military parlance, the concept refers to an asymmetric capability that targets a critical vulnerability of an adversary. China has found its modern equivalent of the assassin’s mace with its high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) weapons, which are nuclear warheads detonated at a high altitude, emitting intense electromagnetic radiation capable of disabling and destroying electronics. An assassin’s mace weapon possesses two essential characteristics: strategic surprise and the ability to neutralize a core dependency.
Chinese President and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Chairman Xi Jinping (習近平) said in a politburo speech late last month that his party must protect the “bottom line” to prevent systemic threats. The tone of his address was grave, revealing deep anxieties about China’s current state of affairs. Essentially, what he worries most about is systemic threats to China’s normal development as a country. The US-China trade war has turned white hot: China’s export orders have plummeted, Chinese firms and enterprises are shutting up shop, and local debt risks are mounting daily, causing China’s economy to flag externally and hemorrhage internally. China’s
RSS