Ancient Greece produced the earliest records of democracy, Western philosophy — and, it turns out, lead pollution.
Researchers studying sediment cores recovered from mainland Greece and the Aegean Sea have found the oldest known evidence of lead pollution in the environment dating to about 5,200 years ago.
That is 1,200 years older than the previous earliest recorded lead pollution, which was found in a peatbog in Serbia.
In antiquity, lead was released into the atmosphere as a byproduct of smelting ore for copper and silver. The toxic metal later condensed as dust and settled onto the soil.
“Silver was used for jewelry, for special objects — but it wasn’t found in a pure state,” but mined in ore combined with lead, said Heidelberg University archeologist Joseph Maran, coauthor of a new study published on Thursday in Communications Earth and Environment.
The site with the earliest signs of lead contamination is in northeastern Greece, near the island of Thasos. Prior archeological evidence suggests Thasos was one of the region’s most significant sites for silver mining and metalwork, Maran said.
“Lead released from smelting is the world’s first form of toxic or industrial pollution,” said Yale historian Joseph Manning, who was not involved in the study.
The researchers found that levels of lead contamination remained fairly low and localized in ancient Greece, considered the cradle of European civilization, throughout the Bronze Age, the Classical period and the Hellenistic period.
However, about 2,150 years ago, the researchers detected “a very strong and abrupt increase” in lead emissions caused by human activities across Greece, said coauthor Andreas Koutsodendris at Heidelberg University.
Around that time, in 146 BC, the Roman army conquered the Greek peninsula, transforming the region’s society and economy. As Roman trade, colonies and shipping expanded across the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, demand for silver coins grew rapidly, requiring smelting that released lead, Koutsodendris said.
Later the Roman Empire used lead for tableware and for construction, including pipes.
Previous research —including an analysis of ice cores from Greenland — had detected high levels of lead across much of the Northern Hemisphere during Roman times.
However, the new study adds a more “specific and local picture to how lead levels changed,” said Nathan Chellman, an environmental scientist at the University of Nevada, Reno, who was not involved in the research.
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