Deep within the bedrock in western Finland, flashing lights from heavy machinery cast shadows in eerie tunnels that lead to a tomb that must remain unperturbed for millennia.
There is a reason the catacomb on the lush island of Olkiluoto was buried 400m below ground: It will house the world’s first spent nuclear fuel disposal facility.
The project, which aims to solve the age-old quagmire of what to do with nuclear waste, is nearing completion in a region that is already home to Europe’s largest nuclear reactor.
Photo: AFP
The Onkalo repository is designed to house a total of 6,500 tonnes of uranium, covering the spent fuel produced by Finland’s five nuclear reactors during their lifetime.
Low-carbon nuclear power has been hailed as a climate-friendly energy source as the world struggles to combat global warming.
However, environmentalists worry about their safety and warn that disposing radioactive waste carries huge risks.
About 400,000 tonnes of used fuel have been discharged from reactors worldwide so far, the World Nuclear Association estimates, most of which is stored in temporary storage facilities near power plants.
However, the long-term storage problem has cast a shadow on nuclear projects.
Onkalo’s operator, Posiva, has developed its solution together with the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co (SKB).
The plan is to encapsulate the used uranium in thick copper shells and bury the up to 5m-long canisters in the bedrock, before sealing the tunnel with a massive, wedge-shaped and steel-reinforced concrete plug.
Construction began at Onkalo — Finnish for “hollow” —- in 2004, and final trials are to be conducted early next year.
“Once we have established that we are ready, we can then move on to the actual operational phase in the mid-2020s,” said geologist Johanna Hansen, Onkalo’s research and development coordinator.
FINAL RESTING PLACE
The immense amount of time it takes for radiation to decrease to safe levels poses significant challenges.
It can take about 250,000 years for the high-level toxic waste to reach the radiation levels of a naturally occurring uranium deposit.
Put in context, 250,000 years ago Europe was in the midst of an Ice Age and was home to Neanderthals and mammoths, while Homo sapiens had only recently emerged in Africa.
In other words, before the waste no longer poses a threat to the environment or people, the landscape of Olkiluoto island may have changed dramatically.
Posiva said the canisters are designed to withstand even major changes taking place on Earth.
However, some experts have cast doubt on the Finnish-Swedish disposal method.
“It is not a solution; it’s a reduction of risk,” said Jan Haverkamp, a nuclear energy expert at Greenpeace.
Haverkamp said Posiva is giving “no real attention” to the discourse around corrosion of the copper canister in Sweden.
For example, researchers at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) have questioned the plan’s safety by highlighting greater risks of copper corrosion than previously acknowledged, which could result in leakage.
“The case for not producing more waste is still standing as strong as it was standing 20 years ago,” he added.
Posiva and SKB have refuted KTH’s experimental studies, and the Finnish Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority has concluded that the plans meet the requirements of nuclear and radiation safety.
Allison Macfarlane, professor at the University of British Columbia, said that while no plan is “100 percent safe,” Onkalo is “certainly the solution that’s received the most research.”
The alternative would be “leaving the waste where it is above ground without a plan indefinitely,” he added.
If the nuclear waste is left above ground and our society falls apart, “it will definitely get into the environment and affect humans,” she said.
She believes that in a reasonably selected location, the waste “will remain safe for thousands and tens of thousands of years.”
“I think it is the internationally agreed-upon solution to the problem of nuclear waste,” she said.
LEADING THE WAY
Locations for potential nuclear waste repositories have been selected in Sweden, France and Switzerland, with Canada close to making a decision.
“Now that we are leading the way, others are following and doing the same,” Hansen said.
However, many projects have faced resistance and locations have been difficult to agree on, such as France’s Cigeo project in the country’s northeast.
In April, Finland’s next-generation Olkiluoto 3 nuclear reactor, the largest in Europe, went into regular production.
A poll published the same month by the trade association Finnish Energy showed record-high support for nuclear energy in Finland, with 68 percent of Finns in favor.
“Sweden and Finland have shown us that the technical challenges can be surmounted,” Macfarlane said.
“Other challenges that need to be addressed are the political ones,” she said.
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