China is planning a mega dam in Tibet able to produce triple the electricity generated by the Three Gorges Dam — the world’s largest power station — stoking fears among environmentalists and in neighboring India.
The structure would span the Brahmaputra River before the waterway leaves the Himalayas and flows into India, straddling the world’s longest and deepest canyon at an altitude of more than 1,500m.
The project in Tibet’s Medog County is expected to dwarf the record-breaking Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in central China, and is billed as able to produce 300 billion kilowatts of electricity each year.
Photo: AFP
It is mentioned in China’s strategic 14th Five-Year Plan, unveiled last month at an annual rubber-stamp congress of the country’s top lawmakers, but the plan was short on details, a timeframe or budget.
The river, known as the Yarlung Tsangpo in Tibetan, is also home to two other projects far upstream, while six others are in the pipeline or under construction.
The “super dam” is in a league of its own.
In October last year, the Tibet local government signed a “strategic cooperation agreement” with PowerChina, a public construction company specializing in hydroelectric projects.
A month later, PowerChina chairman Yan Zhiyong (晏志勇), partially unveiled the project to the Communist Youth League, the youth wing of China’s ruling party.
Enthusiastic about “the world’s richest region in terms of hydroelectric resources.” Yan said that the dam would draw its power from the huge drop of the river at this particular section.
Beijing might justify the massive project as an environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels, but it risks provoking strong opposition from environmentalists in the same way as the Three Gorges Dam, built between 1994 and 2012.
The Three Gorges created a reservoir and displaced 1.4 million inhabitants upstream.
“Building a dam the size of the super dam is likely a really bad idea for many reasons,” said Brian Eyler, energy, water and sustainability program director at the Stimson Center, a US think tank.
Besides being known for seismic activity, the area also contains a unique biodiversity.
The dam would block the migration of fish as well as sediment flow that enriches the soil during seasonal floods downstream, Eyler said.
There are ecological and political risks, said Tempa Gyaltsen Zamlha, an environmental policy specialist at the Tibet Policy Institute, a think tank linked to the Tibetan government-in-exile based in Dharamsala, India.
“We have a very rich Tibetan cultural heritage in those areas, and any dam construction would cause ecological destruction, submergence of parts of that region,” he said.
“Many local residents would be forced to leave their ancestral homes,” he said, adding that the project would encourage migration of Han Chinese workers that “gradually becomes a permanent settlement.”
New Delhi is also worried by the project.
The Chinese Communist Party is effectively in a position to control the origins of much of South Asia’s water supply, analysts say.
“Water wars are a key component of such warfare because they allow China to leverage its upstream Tibet-centered power over the most essential natural resource,” wrote political scientist Brahma Chellaney last month in the Times of India.
The risks of seismic activity would also make it a “ticking water bomb” for residents downstream, he said.
In reaction to the dam idea, the Indian government has floated the prospect of building another dam on the Brahmaputra to shore up its own water reserves.
“There is still much time to negotiate with China about the future of the super dam and its impacts,” Eyler said. “A poor outcome would see India build a dam downstream.”
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