Pirate fishing vessels plundering fish from the world’s marine reserves, such as the one around Ascension Island announced over the weekend, can now be watched, tracked and brought to justice using satellite technology.
Despite a proliferation of huge, publicly lauded marine reserves, actually stopping fishing in many remote areas has previously been almost impossible.
Fishing vessels are required to carry a transponder that tracks their movements and allows authorities to monitor their behavior, but illegal fishers simply switch off the machine, disappearing from the system.
Photo: AP / Jeff Barabe / The Pew Charitable Trusts
A UK-funded initiative, developed by Satellite Applications Catapult (SAC) and the Pew Charitable Trusts, uses satellite radars to track these “dark targets.” Now, instead of blindly patrolling vast areas of ocean, coastguard vessels use the satellite intelligence to target their search.
“We don’t put a cop on every corner 24 hours a day. So let’s at least know what the situation out on the water is [before sending boats to investigate],” said Bradley Soule, senior fisheries analyst for the Oxfordshire-based SAC.
Satellite radar has traditionally been used by the military and law enforcement agencies, but the cost has dropped dramatically, opening up the data for private companies to use.
“It is definitely a big deal,” Soule said. “[The global satellite tracking] gives you a sense of the scope... It is a wide-ranging problem.”
About one in every five fish landed around the world is caught illegally.
In the past, the problem was not effectively shared between neighboring governments, Soule said.
This meant “there are opportunities for bad actors to move swiftly across borders and use our borders against us,” he said.
However, even though the system is still effectively being trialed, having only been in development for two years, it has already been used during investigations. The details of these are not yet public.
“We have identified some abnormal behavior and are working with the relevant authorities,” Soule said.
Just five years after the global figurehead of the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s (IUCN) ocean protection program, Dan Laffoley, coauthored a report that said that most marine protected area’s “are ineffective or only partially effective” he now believes the reserves can now offer true sanctuary.
“The excuses that it’s far too large, it’s far too remote, it’s far too expensive are old excuses. The reality is that we do have the technology to be able to police these places,” Laffoley said.
“There really is a breakthrough in terms of remote sensing,” said Charles Clover, the chair of the Blue Marine Foundation, who lobbied the UK government for the creation of the Ascension Marine Protected Area (MPA).
However, he added that “the feasibility of actually taking a prosecution through the courts using remote sensing [on its own] is still questioned by the [UK] Foreign Office” and the technology would still require boats in the water.
The Guardian understands that satellite technology will play a part in the enforcement of the 234,291km2 Ascension MPA. An initial study of Ascension waters using satellites found at least eight boats that had turned off their transponders and were possibly fishing illegally.
SAC is already working with the UK government to track vessels in the world’s largest marine reserve around Pitcairn Island.
The announcement that the UK government would ban fishing in more than half of the island’s huge territorial waters (which are a British overseas dominion) was hailed as a “massive step” by Laffoley, who said the waters around Ascension were one of the few remaining places where the marine environment had not been irreversibly damaged by overfishing.
However, even there, recent years have seen a rapid decline.
“There’s a fairly disastrous Asian longline fishery going off in Ascension Island waters, which paid money into the Ascension Island government to make up the shortfall [of funding] from London,” he said.
When he visited last year, Laffoley spoke with locals who told him great natural events and creatures, such as “large tuna chasing fry up the beaches that they’d seen generation after generation were becoming more memories than reality.”
“When we were diving there we only saw one shark and there should have been plenty,” he said.
Last year was a huge year for marine conservation, with big reserves were designated in Palau, Easter Island, Pitcairn Island and New Zealand’s Kermadec islands. The Ascension reserve brings the total proportion of the world’s oceans protected from fishing to 2 percent.
In 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the Convention on Biological Diversity committed countries to reaching 10 percent by 2012.
Almost half of Ascension’s waters will remain open to the (mostly Taiwanese) tuna vessels that have caused so much damage in the past. However, a US$300,000 grant from the charitable foundation of US hedge fund manager Louis Bacon will fund a policing presence for the next two fishing seasons in order to “ensure best practice is observed.”
Laffoley said this left the job of protecting the area half done.
“I think we need to close that fishery still operating. After all, the marlin, the turtles, the sharks and others won’t know which bit is open and which bit is closed,” he said.
“The reality is that if you want to have places in the ocean where you’ve got the really impressive wildlife spectacles, where you’ve got intact ecosystems, where you’ve got the big old individuals that we know are more resilient and have better quality of eggs to reseed areas [then you need no-take areas]. When you have a fishery, you lose them,” he said.
Clover said the fishery was kept open by necessity in order to fund the Ascension Island government. UK government funding of public services on the island is severely limited and the community has had to open up licenses to the fishing operators.
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