Week 21 : 句法——不合邏輯的句子
1. 我們的制度讓每個公民都有發言的權利。
ˇ Under our system every citizen enjoys freedom of speech.
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ˇ Our system is one under which every citizen enjoys freedom of speech.
χ Our system is that every citizen enjoys freedom of speech.
註︰「每一個公民都享有發言的權利」並不是指制度本身，而是在這制度下發生的情況，因此不能把 that 引導的從屬句作為補語從屬句，應改用 under which...。
Photo: Adobe Stock l 圖片:Adobe Stock
2. 林先生出生於貧困農家，十歲時父親就過世了。
ˇ Mr. Lin is from a poor peasant family. When he was 10 years old, he lost his father.
ˇ Mr. Lin is from a poor peasant family. When he was 10 years old, his father died.
χ Mr. Lin is from a poor peasant family. When 10 years old (/at 10), his father died.
註︰錯句中副詞從屬句的省略結構意義很含糊，好像是說「他的父親在十歲時死了」。如果保留原來的主句，從屬句不能用省略結構，應加he was。如果保留原來的省略結構，則應改變主句的主詞和動詞。
3. 譯成英語後，句子的詞序就完全不同了。
ˇ The syntax of the sentence is entirely different when the sentence is translated into English.
ˇ When the sentence is translated into English, its syntax is entirely different.
χ The syntax of the sentence is entirely different when translated into English.
註︰譯成英語的並非「句子的詞序」，而是「句子」，所以從屬句中的 the sentence 不應省略，正句二則語意更清楚，不致造成這種困擾。
4. 他們擺出一副好像對國家有卓越貢獻的姿態。
ˇ They behaved as if they had performed some meritorious service for the country.
χ Their action is as if they had performed some meritorious service for the country.
註︰as if 可以引導補語性質的從屬句，但只能接在 it seems, it looks, he looks 等結構後面。
例如：
It looked/seemed as if it were going to rain.
He looked as if he had been ill for a long time.
as if 通常與行為動詞連用，以引導副詞從屬句。例如：
He acted as if he knew nothing about it.
5. 我們應該多學點餐桌禮儀，以免人家覺得我們沒禮貌。
ˇ We should learn more about table manners, so that people will not think us ill-mannered.
χ We should learn more about table manners, so that they will not think us bad-mannered.
註︰錯句的 they 是 table manners 的代名詞，table manners 不是人，不會認為我們失禮，所以應改為 people。「沒禮貌」英文最好說 ill-mannered，不要說 bad-mannered；「有禮貌」道地的說法是 well-mannered，不是 good-mannered。
Exercises:
A. Before entering an apartment in Taiwan, it is __________ to take off your shoes.
1. polite
2. good manners
3. ill-mannered
4. bad manners
B. We should learn the customs of other cultures, so that __________ will not think us strange.
1. they
2. it
3. people
4. you
Answers: A. 1 B. 3
文章由書林出版公司提供：
www.bookman.com.tw
蘇正隆 — 台灣翻譯學學會前理事長、師大翻譯研究所兼任副教授; 編著《走讀自然.花言樹語》，《英語的對與錯》，《世紀病毒：必讀防疫英文知識與詞彙》...等。國家教育研究院中英雙語詞彙審議委員；研究領域為翻譯、術語及詞典編譯，從事植物與人文導覽數十年，亦曾應邀遠赴國外大學做植物人文導覽。
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