Tue, Oct 10, 2023 page14

• 2023 Nobel Prizes announced 2023年諾貝爾獎揭曉

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  The annual Nobel Prize was announced between Oct. 2 to Oct. 9 by prize committees in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway (for the Peace Prize).

  Here are the laureates of the 2023 the Nobel Prizes:

  Medicine prize for COVID-19 vaccine discoveries

  

  This file photo taken on Dec. 10, 2020 shows a bust of Alfred Nobel next to the podium as preparations are under way before the start of the Nobel Prize ceremony in the Golden Hall of the City Hall of Stockholm, Sweden. 舉行諾貝爾獎頒獎典禮的瑞典斯德哥爾摩市政廳金色大廳，主席台旁立著阿爾弗雷德‧諾貝爾的半身像。2020年12月10日攝於頒獎典禮前。

  Photo: AFP 照片：法新社

  Hungarian scientist Katalin Kariko and US colleague Drew Weissman, who met in line for a photocopier before making mRNA molecule discoveries that paved the way for COVID-19 vaccines, won the 2023 Nobel Prize for Medicine. “The laureates contributed to the unprecedented rate of vaccine development during one of the greatest threats to human health in modern times,” the Swedish award-giving body said in the accolade for the pair.

  Physics prize to trio who lit up secrets of the atom

  Scientists Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Physics for creating ultra-short pulses of light that can give a snapshot of changes within atoms, potentially leading to better disease detection. The prize-awarding academy said their studies had given humanity new tools for exploring the movement of electrons inside atoms and molecules, a phenomenon that was long thought impossible to trace.

  Chemistry prize for ‘quantum dots’ that bring colored light to screens

  Scientists Moungi Bawendi, Louis Brus and Aleksey Ekimov won the 2023 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their discovery of tiny clusters of atoms known as quantum dots, widely used today to create colors in flat screens, light emitting diode (LED) lamps and devices that help surgeons see blood vessels in tumors. The prize-awarding academy said that the research of the three US-based scientists on quantum dots, which in size ratio have the same relationship to a football as a football to Earth, had “added color to nanotechnology.”

  Literature prize forgoes to Norwegian writer Jon Fosse

  Norwegian writer Jon Fosse, whose work tackles birth, death, faith and the other “elemental stuff” of life in spare Nordic prose, won the Nobel Prize for Literature.

  The author of 40 plays as well as novels, short stories, children’s books, poetry and essays, Fosse was honored “for his innovative plays and prose, which give voice to the unsayable,” according to the Swedish Academy, which awards the prize.

  Peace prize for Iran women’s activist Narges Mohammadi

  The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to imprisoned activist Narges Mohammadi for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran, many of whom are removing their hijabs despite a harsh crackdown.

  A 51-year-old journalist and activist, Mohammadi has spent much of the past two decades in and out of jail for her campaign against the mandatory hijab for women and the death penalty. The head of the Norwegian Nobel Committee urged Iran to release Mohammadi, a call echoed by the United Nations.

  Economics prize goes to professor for advancing understanding of women’s labor market outcomes

  The Nobel prize in economics was awarded to American economist Claudia Goldin for her research helping understand the role of women in the labor market.

  The Harvard professor, who is the third woman to be awarded the prestigious economics prize, was given the nod “for having advanced our understanding of women’s labor market outcomes,” the jury said. “Her research reveals the causes of change, as well as the main sources of the remaining gender gap.”

  Globally, about 50 percent of women participate in the labor market compared to 80 percent of men, but women earn less and are less likely to reach the top of the career ladder, the prize committee noted.

  The jury said that Goldin’s work’s “provided the first comprehensive account of women’s earnings and labor market participation through the centuries.”

  (Reuters and AFP)

  一年一度的諾貝爾獎，已於10月2日至9日由頒獎委員會在瑞典斯德哥爾摩與挪威奧斯陸（和平獎）宣布。2023年諾貝爾獎得主如下：

  醫學獎得主為促成COVID-19疫苗問世之二位科學家

  匈牙利科學家卡塔琳．卡里科及其美國同事德魯．韋斯曼為2023年諾貝爾醫學獎得主。兩人因排隊用影印機而相遇合作，他們對 mRNA（信使核糖核酸）分子的發現，讓COVID-19疫苗的問世成為可能。瑞典頒獎機構在兩人的讚詞中表示：「在人類面臨現代健康的最大威脅之一時，獲獎者的貢獻讓疫苗得以用前所未有的速度開發出來」。

  物理學獎授予揭開原子秘密之三人組

  科學家皮耶．阿戈斯提尼、費倫茨．克勞斯及安妮．呂利耶，以做出極短光脈衝而獲2023年諾貝爾物理學獎，極短光脈衝可捕捉原子內部變化之影像，而使檢測疾病的效果更佳。頒發物理獎的瑞典皇家科學院表示，他們的研究為人類提供了探索原子和分子內部電子運動的新工具，這種現象長期以來被認為是無法追蹤的。

  化學獎授予為螢幕帶來彩色光的「量子點」研究

  科學家莫吉．巴汶帝、路易斯．布魯斯及阿列克謝．艾吉莫夫以發現稱做「量子點」的微小原子簇而獲2023年諾貝爾化學獎；量子點可以創造色光，現今廣泛用於平面螢幕、發光二極體（LED）燈，以及幫助外科醫生看見腫瘤血管的設備。量子點的大小跟足球的比例，就如同足球跟地球的比例一樣。頒發化學獎的瑞典皇家科學院表示，三位美國科學家對量子點的研究，「將色彩放入了奈米科技」。

  文學獎授予挪威作家約恩．福瑟

  挪威作家約恩．福瑟獲諾貝爾文學獎，其作品以簡潔的北歐散文探討了出生、死亡、信仰與生活中的其他「基本內容」。

  頒發諾貝爾文學獎的瑞典學院表示，寫了40部戲劇以及長篇小說、短篇故事、童書、詩及散文的福瑟，「以創新的戲劇及散文為不可說者發聲」而獲獎。

  伊朗婦女運動人士納爾吉斯．穆哈瑪迪獲和平獎

  諾貝爾和平獎授予被監禁的維權人士納爾吉斯．穆哈瑪迪，以表彰她反抗伊朗對女性的壓迫。儘管受到嚴厲鎮壓，許多婦女仍摘下了頭巾。

  穆哈瑪迪現年51歲，是一位記者與維權人士，從事反對強制婦女戴頭巾及反對死刑的運動，20年來，她大部分的時間一直在進出監獄。挪威諾貝爾委員會主席敦促伊朗釋放穆哈瑪迪，聯合國也響應此呼籲。

  經濟學獎授予對女性勞動市場之研究

  諾貝爾經濟學獎授予美國經濟學家克勞蒂亞．戈丁，表彰她對女性在勞動市場之角色的研究。

  評審團表示，這位哈佛大學教授是第三位獲得此著名經濟學獎的女性，獲獎是因為她「增進了我們對女性勞動市場結果的理解」。「她的研究揭示了變化的原因，以及性別差距仍存在的主要根源」。

  經濟學獎委員會指出，全球女性約有50%參與勞動市場，男性則有80%，但女性收入較低，而且晉升職業階梯頂端的可能性較小。

  評審團強調，戈丁的研究「首次全面闡述了數世紀以來女性的收入與勞動市場參與」。

  （台北時報林俐凱編譯）
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