Sat, Sep 23, 2017 page14

• The Islamic calendar 伊斯蘭曆

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  The Islamic New Year marks the beginning of a new Islamic calendar year, the day the year count is incremented. This year it was celebrated on Sept. 21 for most Islamic countries. Last year it started on Oct. 3, while in 2008 it was as late as Dec. 29. The reason for the discrepancy is that it is based upon the Islamic, Muslim or Hijri calendar, a lunar calendar with 12 months of 354 or 355 days, compared to the 365 days (366 in leap years) of the Gregorian calendar followed elsewhere. The Islamic calendar year, then, is shorter than the Gregorian calendar by 11 to 12 days.

  The Islamic calendar is retrospectively dated back to the Islamic New Year of 622AD, the year of the Hijrah, when the Prophet Mohammed and his followers traveled from Mecca to Medina and established the first Muslim community. The Gregorian calendar is divided into the era before Jesus Christ was supposed to have been born, designated as BC (before Christ) and AD (Anno Domini, which is Medieval Latin for “in the year of the lord”). In English, the Islamic calendar is similarly designated, using the Hijrah as a reference. Thus, years are marked as BH (before the Hijrah) and AH (Anno Hegirae, Latin for “in the year of the Hijrah”). This new Islamic year is therefore written as 1439AH.

  (Paul Cooper, Taipei Times)

  

  Muslim worshippers perform the evening (Isha) prayers at the Kaaba, Islam’s holiest shrine, at the Grand Mosque in Saudi Arabia’s holy city of Mecca on Aug. 25, a week prior to the start of the annual Hajj pilgrimage in the holy city. 八月二十五日，亦即一年一度的聖城麥加朝覲開始前一星期，穆斯林信徒在大清真寺克爾白天房舉行晚禱。克爾白天房是伊斯蘭教最神聖的寺院，位於沙烏地阿拉伯的聖城麥加。

  Photo: AFP
  照片：法新社

  伊斯蘭新年是伊斯蘭曆的一年之始，在這天，計年數字又添一年。今年大多數伊斯蘭教國家在九月二十一日過新年。去年的新年是在十月三日，在二○○八年還遲至十二月二十九日。之所以有這樣的差異是因為伊斯蘭日期的計算是基於伊斯蘭曆法—這是一種陰曆，一年有十二個月，共三五四或三五五天。這跟其他地方所採用的，一年有三六五天（閏年則有三六六天）的現行公曆有所不同。因此伊斯蘭曆的一年比公曆的一年少了十一至十二天。

  伊斯蘭曆可追溯到在西元六二二年稱為「希吉拉」的事件—先知穆罕默德及其追隨者從麥加遷往麥地那，並建立第一個穆斯林社群，該年於是被定為伊斯蘭元年。現行公曆按照據信為耶穌基督的出生年，劃分為西元前（BC，before Christ，在耶穌出生前）、西元後（AD，為中世紀拉丁文Anno Domini，意為「主的年」）兩種紀元。在英語中，伊斯蘭曆也有類似的劃分，是以「希吉拉」做為時間點，因此，伊斯蘭曆的紀年標為BH（希吉拉之前），以及AH（拉丁文Anno Hegirae，意為希吉拉之年）。因此，伊斯蘭曆這新的一年寫為一四三九AH。

  （台北時報編譯林俐凱譯）

  

  Indonesian students march in a parade, some carrying placards to show their solidarity with Rohingyas in Myanmar, to mark the Islamic New Year in Banda Aceh on Sept. 21. 本月二十一日在班達亞齊參與伊斯蘭新年慶祝遊行的印尼學生，一些學生持標語牌以聲援緬甸的羅興亞人。

  Photo: AFP
  照片：法新社

  

  Indonesian students march in a parade marking the Islamic New Year in Banda Aceh on Sept. 21. The box-like headgear worn by one student is a replica of the Kaaba, Islam’s holiest shrine. 本月二十一日在印尼班達亞齊參加伊斯蘭新年慶祝遊行的學生。一名學生頭罩的盒狀頭飾是克爾白天房的複製品，克爾白天房是伊斯蘭教最神聖的寺院。

  Photo: AFP
  照片：法新社
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