Few species in the animal kingdom can change the size of their brain. Fewer still can change it back to its original size. Now researchers have found the first insect species with that ability: Indian jumping ants.
They are like catnip to researchers in the field. In contrast to their cousins, Indian jumping ants colonies do not perish once their queen dies. Instead, “chosen” workers take her place — with expanded ovaries and shrunken brains — to produce offspring. But, if a worker’s “pseudo-queen” status is somehow revoked, their bodies can bounce back, the research suggests.
Typically, whether an ant will be a worker or a queen is decided at the larval stage. If fed generously and given the right hormones, the ant has the chance to become a big queen. If not, then it is stuck with a career as a sterile worker deprived of the opportunity to switch — unless it’s part of a species such as the Indian jumping ant.
Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
“They have this ability to completely transform themselves at the adult stage, and that makes them interesting to try to understand,” said lead author Clint Penick from US-based Kennesaw State University.
Social insects such as ants typically inhabit a caste-based society — the queen reigns as the sole reproducer by secreting pheromones that thwart female worker ants from laying eggs. The other ants work hard: foraging and hunting for food, cleaning, caring for the young and defending the nest.
But unlike typical colonies that wither away on the death of their queen, Indian jumping ant colonies are functionally immortal.
Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
Within hours of the queen’s death, a frenzied “ritualized combat” commences, in which workers engage in fierce duels that involve jamming antennae into each other’s faces. While this tournament persists up to a month — the chosen workers are the multitaskers who can duel and activate their ovaries. These pseudo-queens — usually five to 10 in a colony of about 100 ants — then produce that pheromone that compels the rest to treat them like royalty. Eventually, these reproductive workers get on with the process of mating with their brothers, and prolonging the life of the colony.
The pseudo-queens (formally called gamergates — not be confused with the 2014 hashtag campaign ostensibly founded to protest about perceived ethical failures in games journalism) see their life-expectancy increase from about six months to up to five years. Their ovaries swell to five times in size filling up the entire abdomen, and their brain shrink by anywhere from 20 percent to 25 percent, which researchers suspect is a process designed to divert limited resources to egg production.
In this study, Penick and his team experimentally induced gamergates to return to their original normal worker status — to assess whether the physiological and behavioral changes were reversible, they wrote in the Royal Society’s journal Proceedings B.
Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons
Using a sample of 30 colonies, the researchers marked two mature reproductive workers from each colony. One from each pair was left to isolate for three to four weeks in a plastic box and fed periodically, while the other remained in its nest.
The researchers hypothesized that the lack of social interaction and care would reduce the isolated gamergate back to worker status when reintroduced to its former nest. Sure enough, within a day or two those gamergate’s were no longer producing eggs and over the course of several weeks they started displaying normal worker-like behavior, Penick said.
Roughly six to eight weeks later, Penick was left with the unenviable task of dissecting the small insects to check whether their internal organs had reverted to ordinary worker proportions — which they did.
“It opens up opportunities now to dig into the mechanisms that control whether a brain region grows or shrinks in size,” he said.
Ajay Verma, a consultant gastroenterologist at Kettering general hospital in Northamptonshire, says our gut is a “complex machine.” “It is constantly providing us with the nutrition we need, initially to grow and develop, and then for us to survive, thrive and repair from injury and illness.” How can we keep it functioning well? Put simply: “Make sure what you put into it is balanced, and that you clear out its waste products adequately,” Verma says. “In a general gastroenterology clinic, the most common conditions we see are irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), gastroesophageal reflux disease, inflammatory bowel disease and constipation,” says Nisha
And so, in the wake of US President Donald Trump’s trip to the People’s Republic of China (PRC), all the experts on the Strait of Hormuz suddenly became experts on US-China-Taiwan relations. The Internet has certainly expanded human knowledge. Lots of these sudden experts made noise this week about Trump’s words after the meeting with PRC dictator Xi Jin-ping (習近平). Trump is going to sell out Taiwan! Longtime Taiwan commentator J. Michael Cole summed the situation up neatly in the Guardian: “We need to keep in mind that he has a tendency to say many things — sometimes contradicting himself within
Last week US President Donald Trump was asked by a reporter whether he would speak on the phone to the President of Taiwan. “l’ll speak to him. I speak to everybody. We have that situation very well in hand,” Trump said. This marked the second time in a couple of weeks he had said he would talk to the President of Taiwan. In 2016 he famously took a call from then-president Tsai Ing-wen (蔡英文), when he was president-elect. Despite warnings that the apocalypse was nigh because of a phone call, the world quickly forgot about the conversation between two democratically-elected presidents.
May 25 to May 31 Few believed that apples could be cultivated on a commercial scale in Taiwan’s high mountains. When horticulturalist Cheng Chao-hsiung (程兆熊) first proposed the idea in 1955, both American and Taiwanese colleagues dismissed it as implausible, arguing that temperate fruit could not be reliably grown on a subtropical island, especially on rugged terrain. However, it was this terrain in the Central Mountain Range where many Chinese Civil War veterans were resettled in the late 1950s. With limited job prospects and no family in Taiwan, they were placed on cooperative farms aimed toward self-sufficiency. Some say the conditions
RSS