Sun, Oct 11, 2020 page8

• Taiwan in Time: The awakening of a lion

  Yang Chao-chia was a fierce advocate for Taiwanese autonomy under Japanese colonial rule, finally achieving limited results during Taiwan’s first direct elections in 1935

  • By Han Cheung / Staff reporter
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  OCT. 12 to OCT. 18

  The Japanese government tried hard to convince Yang Chao-chia (楊肇嘉) to adopt a Japanese name, sending several agents to visit him in 1942. The outspoken political activist turned them down each time, finally deciding to flee to China to avoid further harassment.

  Two years earlier, the colonial government began encouraging Taiwanese to adopt Japanese names as part of its kominka policy of fully assimilating the population. However, by the end of 1941, only about one percent had complied.

  

  The school where Yang Chao-chia used to teach in Taichung’s Chingshui District is now his memorial hall.

  Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

  “They hoped that I would lead by example and influence the masses. But how can I sell my soul? How can I betray my ancestors?” Yang writes in his memoir.

  Yang’s strong distaste for Japanese rule permeates the entire memoir, beginning from the introduction, where he rails against the Japanese efforts to destroy Han culture and identity among Taiwanese.

  “Over 50 years [of Japanese rule], we have lived like slaves and have been treated worse than livestock,” he writes. “But in such dire circumstances, did we forget [who we are]? Did we throw away [our identity]? Did we lose our dignity? I can answer with full confidence: No!”

  

  An undated photo of Yang Chao-chia as a young man.

  Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

  Yang had retired from activism by then due to Japanese imperialism, but just a decade earlier he was dubbed the “Taiwanese Lion” and gave his all for Taiwanese autonomy, finally achieving limited results when the Japanese allowed partial elections in 1935.

  Yang’s journey to China was not smooth as he was captured by the police in Japanese-occupied Manchuria and detained for 16 days. Despite opposing the government for much of his adult life, this was his first time in jail. He was released due to his connections, and settled with his family in Shanghai. He moved back to Taiwan after World War II.

  ‘JAPANESE PUPPET’

  

  Yang Chao-chia, left, poses for a photo with painter Lee Shih-chiao at his 1935 exhibition in Taichung.

  Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

  Yang was born on Oct. 13, 1892 to a farming family in today’s Chingshui District (清水) in Taichung City. He was old enough to remember fleeing into the forest with his entire village in 1895 as the advancing Japanese army barreled through the area. Fortunately, nobody was harmed, although the soldiers slaughtered the livestock and raided the rice jars.

  “But we heard all sorts of terrible news from other areas. In one village, all the young men were conscripted into the army and never returned. In another village that tried to resist, the Japanese massacred [all of its people] and burned it down ... Although nothing happened to us, we were very cautious and afraid of these ‘foreign barbarians.’”

  When he was six years old, he was adopted by the richest family in Chingshui, also surnamed Yang.

  

  A group photo of the Taiwan Autonomy Alliance taken in 1935. Yang Chao-chia is fourth from right in the front row.

  Photo courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

  “When I was four, I was forcefully cut off from the motherland with the entire Taiwanese population, and when I was six, I was forcefully cut off from my birth parents. As a child, I had already experienced the double trauma of loss of country and loss of family,” he writes.

  Although Yang ran away several times, it was because of his new family that he received a formal education and was able to study in Japan at the age of 15. He returned to Taiwan in 1914 and worked as a teacher in his hometown. At this time, he was still happy to work with the Japanese, and served as a local official, although he was known for frequently challenging the government for the rights and welfare of Taiwanese.

  In 1920, Yang became the chief of Chingshui Street (a Japanese-era administrative unit), but he called it a “puppet position” under the guise of “fake autonomy” as control was still in the hands of the Japanese. He realized that the only way to change things was to establish an elected Taiwanese assembly and hold direct elections for local positions, which coincided with the ideals of rising activists Chiang Wei-shui (蔣渭水) and Lin Hsien-tang (林獻堂).

  The various passive resistance movements stoked the fire in Yang’s already burning heart, and he threw himself into the heat of the action despite his position.

  “I’ve awakened! The entire population of Taiwan is also awakening!”

  AUTONOMY ACTIVIST

  Yang’s first act of public defiance came in 1925, when activist Tsai Hui-ju (蔡惠如) insisted that he participate in the sixth petition to the Japanese Imperial Diet to establish a Taiwanese representative assembly. This was against the rules as a public official, but he set out for Japan with the delegation anyway. Although the effort failed again, the group was given a hero’s welcome by a cheering crowd when they landed in Keelung. There was no turning back for Yang.

  Over the next decade, Yang tirelessly fought for Taiwanese self-rule. While the resistance movement split into leftist and rightist factions, Yang supported the rightists, believing that leftist ideals would tear the movement apart since most of its leaders were wealthy, highly-educated landowners. For Yang, Taiwanese autonomy should be the sole goal of the movement.

  In 1930, he helped form the Taiwan Local Autonomy Alliance (台灣地方自治聯盟), which grew quickly and attracted large crowds during its speeches across the colony. Five years later, the Japanese finally allowed the public to elect half of Taiwan’s city and township councilors, and the alliance fielded many candidates — all but one made it to office.

  Yang deemed the election a success, writing that it went fairly and orderly.

  “Our hard work over the past five years has not gone to waste,” he says. “We have created a new environment for the people and society of Taiwan, and set a good precedent.”

  However, this celebration was short-lived as Japanese imperialism was growing. The government launched the kominka movement in 1937, its first move banning Chinese in all newspapers. Yang and Lin traveled to Japan that June to plead for the new cabinet to reverse its policies, but things took a turn for the worse when Japan launched a full-scale invasion of China on July 7.

  The Alliance disbanded in August, and Yang retired from activism to focus on his family, whom he writes that he had neglected for the previous seven years.

  “For the people of Taiwan, I helped them obtain what nobody had been able to achieve; I did what nobody dared to do, and what nobody was willing to do. I think that I did not let Taiwan and its people down.”

  Although Yang clashed with the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) at first over Taiwan governor-general Chen Yi’s (陳儀) misrule, he later supported the government and seemed to be happy enough that it allowed a certain degree of direct local elections without the heavy restrictions that the Japanese placed on the 1935 votes.

  Taiwan in Time, a column about Taiwan’s history that is published every Sunday, spotlights important or interesting events around the nation that either have anniversaries this week or are tied to current events.
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