The muggy heat swaddling Tokyo might be a forerunner of Olympic life to come, experts say, urging a rethink to make the world’s oldest sporting spectacular fit for a fast-warming planet.
The Olympics started in the Japanese capital on July 23 after a year-long delay due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with organizers banning spectators from venues and enforcing a slew of measures to keep the coronavirus at bay.
While worries over COVID-19 have overshadowed other concerns, Japan’s heat and humidity — where temperatures can exceed 35°C — also show how Games would need to grapple with extremes as climate change bites.
“Tokyo 2020 will serve as a model for future hotter Olympics and other summer sporting competitions,” said Yuri Hosokawa, an expert on sport and heat risks at Japan’s Waseda University.
“Leading up to the Games, many athletes around the world have trained under humid heat to acclimatize their body to the environmental stress they will experience in Tokyo,” she said.
MERCURY RISING
Tokyo’s mean annual temperature has risen by 2.86°C since 1900, about three times as fast as the world average of 0.96°C, the British Association for Sustainable Sport said.
Hosokawa said that some new heat mitigation measures, such as on-site medical treatment for serious heat stroke, instigated for Tokyo, could help shape how best to compete in oppressive heat.
Forget running fast or jumping high — just watching many outdoor sports is a feat as climate change brings intense rain and heatwaves, spawning hospitalizations and canning events.
The Tokyo Games, which end on Sunday, coincide with the year’s hottest temperatures in Japan.
Just on July 23, a Russian archer fainted in the heat during a qualifying Olympic round.
On Wednesday, tennis world No. 2 Daniil Medvedev said that a player “can die” in the heat that is stifling Tokyo. The sports’ governing body later agreed to delay match start times in response to similar complaints by other players.
Hoping to beat the heat, organizers have deployed a host of tools — from mist-spraying stations to cooling vests — as well as handing out salt tablets and ice cream to weary volunteers.
The city, known as an innovation hub, has also deployed tech to help mitigate human-caused change: be it roads that reflect heat or pavements that absorb water to stay cool, while moving the marathon and race-walk events to the cooler north.
HEAT AGENDA
Climate researchers urged the Olympics authorities to think further out and change the shape of summer Games, either by shifting events to cooler seasons, building in more breaks or changing running orders for the fierce weather.
“They have to start putting heat on the agenda. They’re going to have to start thinking about the best time of the year and the best locations to have these events,” said Mike Tipton from Britain’s University of Portsmouth.
Tipton, a professor of human and applied physiology, said the heat was not only diminishing the elite competitors’ performance, but also posed grave health risks.
“People who follow sport should appreciate what climate change is doing to their sport, entertainment and spectacle. You just won’t have people performing at the same level, in endurance events for example,” he added.
Makoto Yokohari, an adviser to the Tokyo Olympics, said that high-tech measures, such as the heat-blocking pavements, could only have “limited” effects and it would be better to postpone events.
“When it comes to this combination between the temperature and the humidity, I have been warning that Tokyo is the worst in Olympic history,” said Yokohari, a professor on green urban planning at the University of Tokyo.
Yokohari, who has analyzed data back to the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles, urged the organizers of the next summer Olympics — Paris in 2024 — to act early and address potential challenges.
NIGHT MARATHONS
France saw record heatwaves in 2019, with temperature jumping to a high of 46°C, causing about 1,500 deaths.
“If that happens again ... then I’m sure the situation in Paris will become even worse than Tokyo,” Yokohari said.
Possible measures could include using shade for outdoor events or holding the marathon at midnight when temperatures dip, he added.
The International Olympic Committee said in e-mailed comments that it would take into account “flexibility and adaptation to the consequences of climate change” in planning events.
“A wide range of measures” are being taken by Tokyo to mitigate the heat, it added, such as moving locations for the marathon and shifting start times for others.
Hosokawa said that delaying the summer Games to cooler seasons might not work as events such as the triathlon and beach volleyball are made for summer.
International sports federations would need to agree on what environmental conditions would lead to automatic cancelation of events or races, she said.
“By knowing the upper threshold, athletes, spectators and stakeholders can train and plan accordingly and share the same expectations,” she added.
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