In the Estonian capital of Tallinn, three-day-old Oskar Lunde sleeps soundly in his hospital cot, snuggled into a lime green blanket decorated with red butterflies. Across the room, his father turns on a laptop.
“Now we will register our child,” Andrejs Lunde says with gravity as he inserts his ID card into the card reader.
His wife, Olga, looks on proudly.
Illustration: Tania Chou
And just like that, Oskar is Estonia’s newest citizen. No paper. No fuss.
This Baltic nation of 1.3 million people is engaged in an ambitious project to make government administration completely digital to reduce bureaucracy, increase transparency and boost economic growth. As more countries shift their services online, Estonia’s experiment offers a glimpse of how interacting with the state might be for future generations.
Need a prescription? It’s online. Need someone at City Hall? No lines there, or even at the Department of Motor Vehicles. On the school front, parents can see whether their children’s homework was done on time.
Estonia has created one platform that supports electronic authentication and digital signatures to enable paperless communications across both the private and public sectors.
There are still a few things that you cannot do electronically in Estonia: marry, divorce or transfer property, but that is only because the Estonian government has decided it was important to turn up in person for some big life events.
This spring, the government aims to go even further. If Oskar had been born a few months later, he would have been registered automatically, with his parents receiving an e-mail welcoming him into the nation.
Marten Kaevats, Estonia’s national digital adviser, says the goal is a government that supports its citizens while staying out of the way.
“In an ideal world, in the case of an invisible government, when a new child is born neither of the parents would ever have to apply for anything: to get maternity leave, to get child support from the municipality, to get a kindergarten place, to put the name to the child,” he said. “All of those different services would be delivered automatically.”
Siva Vaidhyanathan, director of the Center for Media and Citizenship at the University of Virginia, says other countries have a lot to learn. Estonia took time to build security and privacy into its model.
“It made sure that state accountability is part of the process,” he said.
Estonians largely seem to have embraced the system, despite global concerns about data hacks.
At a demonstration showcasing the digital system, project manager Indrek Onnik stood beside a huge screen illustrating his profile. He showed off his high-school grades from a decade ago and his driving license records. If he had a dog, its vaccination record would appear there, too.
Citizens can monitor their data and see if any government or private institution accesses it.
“To generate trust, you really have to have transparency and that’s why people have access to their own data,” he said. “And that’s why they can actually see if the government has used their own data.”
The platform is underpinned by software called X-Road, a decentralized data-exchange system that links databases. Outgoing data is digitally signed and encrypted, and all incoming data is authenticated and logged.
The government, fearing attempts to compromise its borders by neighboring Russia, also has a backup plan to restore digital services in the event of invasion or severe cyberattacks: data “embassies” in countries like Luxembourg. Like a regular embassy, the servers are considered Estonian territory and would give the government a chance to boot up elsewhere if needed.
Making life simpler for citizens has economic benefits in a country otherwise known for unforgiving winters and old growth forests.
The project, which began in 1997, laid the groundwork for Estonia’s booming tech sector. Skype, a video-calling service Microsoft bought in 2011 for US$8.5 billion, is Estonia’s most famous high-tech export, but the impact is broader. Information and communications accounted for 5.9 percent of the economy last year.
The government hopes to increase that figure with an “e-residency” program that lets entrepreneurs around the world register their businesses in Estonia and gain a foothold in the EU. More than 51,000 people from 167 countries have applied at a cost of 100 euros (US$114) each.
The advances in digitization are the result of long-term thinking.
When Estonia declared independence in 1991, the economy was so backward in the former Soviet republic that it had to be rebuilt from scratch. The leadership looked for an industry where the country could compete. It decided on information technology and the Internet, a field that was as new as Estonia, former Estonian president Toomas Hendrik Ilves said.
When the cash-strapped country needed to replace a 1930s telephone system, Finland offered a late 1970s analogue system free of charge.
However, Ilves argued that the government should decline the offer and invest in digital technology.
“The only way we could do really well was to go digital,” Ilves said, speaking from Stanford University, where he is a distinguished visiting fellow at the Hoover Institution. “We stood a chance of competing there.”
Ilves, who grew up in the US and was introduced to computers in junior-high school, proposed getting kids started early. The government started building computer labs in schools. Banks supported the move, as it reduced the need for branches in rural villages. More than 99 percent of Estonia’s banking transactions now take place online.
Whether Estonia’s system can be used in larger countries is an open question, said Zvika Krieger, head of technology policy and partnerships at the World Economic Forum.
What works in a small, progressive country will not necessarily work in sprawling democracies like the US or India.
“When you add in more people, more diverse stakeholders, more layers of government at the city, state and local level, you are adding in exponentially more complexity,” Krieger said. “Estonia is a good first test case and now the question is whether other countries will find Estonia’s success compelling enough to take the risk to try it at a larger scale.”
Estonia sees its approach as a prototype for modern democracy — a counterpoint to authoritarian countries intent on using digitization to control their citizens.
Ilves, who travels around the world talking about the project, tells other countries that increased efficiency builds trust and improves governance.
“Estonians hate their politicians just as much as everyone else, but at least since the administration of the state works extremely well and efficiently, people trust the system,” he said.
Andrejs Lunde is among the believers.
He says that digital government makes life so much easier that it is worth any potential security risk, pointing out that personal information can be stolen from paper-based systems as well.
“If someone really wants my information, they will get it anyway,” Lunde said. “If they can get [former US secretary of state] Hillary [Rodham Clinton]’s e-mails, they can get mine.”
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