Coal super-powers China, India and the US are set to dominate world climate talks next month, but even in the heartland of US coal there are doubts their re-branded fuel can be part of the solution.
In the rugged tree-cloaked hills of rural West Virginia, coal is as much a way of life as bluegrass music, pickup trucks or the hundreds of wood-clad Baptist churches that spot the countryside.
Mountaintops have been removed to get it, endless trains hurtle across the state carrying it and atop roadside heaps every conceivable piece of industrial equipment is employed to lift, drop, clean or shift lumps of the black sooty rock.
Coal is, almost literally, the bedrock of the local economy. For negotiators in Copenhagen’s urbane conference rooms next month, Appalachia and its coal production will be a world away, but it could hardly be more relevant.
Responsible for 41 percent of global carbon dioxide energy emissions, coal is cheap, plentiful and increasingly popular. It is also horrendously dirty — by far the most polluting fossil fuel, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) says.
The EPA’s figures show coal produces 50 percent more carbon dioxide than oil and twice as much as natural gas in electricity production.
And the future looks smoggier.
Global carbon emissions from coal are expected to triple between 2000 and 2050, a landmark study by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2007 sound.
China is thought to build the equivalent of two medium sized coal plants per week. But US usage is also growing, and with it political obstacles to a deal.
West Virginia’s congressional representatives are loathe to support emissions taxes, cap and trade or other carbon-reducing measures, which the industry warns will be crippling. They will likely have to be won over if the US Congress is to pass climate legislation that would support a deal at Copenhagen.
Despite a massive campaign to re-brand the fuel as “clean coal,” many in the industry vehemently oppose new regulation to tackle climate changing “greenhouse gases.”
Nevertheless, on the banks of the Ohio River this week French engineering firm Alstom and the American Electric Power unveiled a facility that they say could help save the industry and the planet.
A small adjunct to the Mountaineer coal-fired power plant, it is a mesh of pipes and valves that captures carbon dioxide from the plant and injects it in liquid form to aquifers kilometers beneath the surface. It siphons off just a fraction of the plant’s output, but Alstom’s hopes it will be major stepping stone to a full-scale commercial facility.
But the head of Alstom power, Philippe Joubert, said for the technology to catch on governments must provide an incentive for companies to reduce emissions.
“I need legislation to give a framework, if there is no obligation why would they do it?” he said. “There is no real choice between using coal or not, the choice is being clean or not.”
But not everyone is convinced.
Vivian Stockman of the Ohio Valley Environmental Coalition said local attitudes to the prospect of more coal-related activity are “very volatile and highly divided.”
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