Coral reefs in much of the Pacific Ocean are dying faster than previously thought, according to a study released yesterday, with the decline driven by climate change, disease and coastal development.
Researchers from the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill found that coral coverage in the Indo-Pacific -- an area stretching from Indonesia's Sumatra island to French Polynesia -- declined 20 percent in the past two decades.
About 966km2 of reef has disappeared since the 1960s, the study found, and the losses were just as bad in Australia's well-protected Great Barrier Reef as they were in poorly managed marine reserves in the Philippines.
"We found the loss of reef building corals was much more widespread and severe than previously thought," said John Bruno, who conducted the study along with Elizabeth Selig.
"Even the best managed reefs in the Indo-Pacific suffered significant coral loss over the past 20 years," he said.
The study found the declines date much further back than earlier estimated and mirror global trends. The UN has found close to one-third of the world's corals have disappeared, and 60 percent are expected to be lost by 2030.
The Indo-Pacific contains 75 percent of the world's coral reefs and provides a home for a wide range of marine plants and animals. They also provide shelter for island communities and are key source of income with some valued as high as US$270,000 per square kilometer of reef, mostly from the benefits of fishing and tourism.
"Indo-Pacific reefs have played an important economic and cultural role in the region for hundreds of years and their continued decline could mean the loss of millions of dollars in fisheries and tourism," Selig said in a statement. "It's like when everything in the forest is gone except for little twigs."
While the study didn't examine the cause of the decline, Bruno said he believed it was driven by a range of factors including warming waters as a result of climate change. He also blamed storm damage, runoff from agriculture and industry, predators like fast-spreading crown-of-thorn starfish and diseases like White syndrome.
Bruno said the study showed the need to better manage reefs and prevent threats such as overfishing. But local measures will mean little unless the world comes together to reduce greenhouse gases, he said.
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in April, for example, concluded that rising sea temperatures from global warming could result in the Great Barrier Reef facing extinction by 2030.
"It is just one more example of the striking, far reaching effects of climate change and our behavior," Bruno said of the link between climate change and reef destruction.
"It is the folks in North Carolina driving their SUVs. It is their behavior that is having an effect way out in the Indo-Pacific," he said.
Bruno and Selig analyzed 6,000 surveys between 1968 and 2004 of more than 2,600 Indo-Pacific coral reefs for their study which appeared in the August issue of the peer-reviewed journal PLoS ONE.
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