Fluoride in tap water can cause bone cancer in boys, a disturbing new study indicates, although there is no evidence of a link for girls.
New US research suggests that boys exposed to fluoride between the ages of five and 10 will suffer an increased rate of osteosarcoma -- bone cancer -- between the ages of 10 and 19.
In the UK, fluoride is added to tap water on the advice of bodies such as the British Dental Association. The Department of Health maintains that it is a cost-effective public health measure that helps prevent tooth decay in children.
The increased cancer risks, identified in a newly available study conducted at the Harvard School of Dental Health, were found at fluoride exposure levels common in the US and other countries. It was the first examination of the link between exposure to the chemical at the critical period of a child's development and the age of onset of bone cancer.
Although osteosarcoma is rare, accounting for only about 3 percent of childhood cancers, it is especially dangerous. The mortality rate in the first five years is about 50 percent, and nearly all survivors have limbs amputated, usually legs.
The research has been made available by the Environmental Working Group (EWG), a respected Washington-based research organization. The group reports that it has assembled a "strong body of peer-reviewed evidence" and has asked that fluoride in tap water be added to the US government's classified list of substances known or anticipated to cause cancer in humans.
"This is a very specific cancer in a defined population of children," said Richard Wiles, the group's co-founder.
"When you focus in and look for the incidence of tumors, you see the increase. We recognize the potential benefits of fluoride to dental health," Wiles said, "but I've spent 20 years in public health, trying to protect kids from toxic exposure. Even with DDT, you don't have the consistently strong data that the compound can cause cancer as you now have with fluoride."
Half of all fluoride ingested is stored in the body, accumulating in calcifying tissue such as teeth and bones and in the pineal gland in the brain, although more than 90 percent is taken into the bones.
Anti-fluoride campaigners argue that the whole issue has become highly politically sensitive. If health scares about fluoride were to be recognized in the courts, the litigation, especially in the US, could be expected to run for decades. Consequently, scientists have been inhibited from publicizing any adverse findings.
The new evidence only emerged by a circuitous process. It was contained in a Harvard dissertation by Dr Elise Bassin at the Harvard School of Dental Medicine. The dissertation, completed in April 2001, obviously had merit because Bassin was awarded her doctorate.
However it has not been published. Environmental organizations were repeatedly denied access to it, and even bodies such as the US National Academy of Sciences could not get hold of a copy. Eventually two researchers from the Fluoride Action Network were allowed to read it in the rare books and special collections room at Harvard medical library.
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