Suitcases full of cash, secret bank accounts, covert operatives, corrupt politicians on the take. A report detailing alleged illicit UN oil-for-food deals with the former Iraq government paints a portrait of former president Saddam Hussein as an international gangster, but not as a terrorist.
The financial schemes propped up Saddam's regime for more than a decade and involved cloak-and-dagger efforts to hide the alleged graft by dealing in front companies, untraceable accounts, cash sales and smuggling, the report by the top US arms inspector said.
The report, delivered on Wed-nesday by Charles Duelfer, who was charged to investigate Iraq's supposed weapons programs, relies on internal Iraqi documents and extensive interviews with members of the former regime now imprisoned in Iraq.
Although Saddam opposed the program at first, he quickly realized it could be exploited and did so with mendacious verve until the US-led invasion in 2003, former Iraqi officials report.
Saddam was able to "subvert" the US$60 billion UN oil-for-food program to generate an estimated US$1.7 billion in revenue outside UN control from 1997-2003, Duelfer's report says.
In addition to oil-for-food schemes, Iraq brought in over US$8 billion in illicit oil deals with Jordan, Syria, Turkey and Egypt through smuggling or illegal pumping through pipelines during the period that sanctions were in place from 1991-2003, the report says.
While the UN focused on delivering humanitarian goods to an Iraqi population suffering from international sanctions, Saddam's government devised elaborate ways to skim money from deals sending oil out and goods in. The report spells out how kickbacks were solicited and how money got to Baghdad.
Iraq manipulated foreign governments, including members of the UN Security Council, by awarding contracts and bribes to foreign companies and political figures in countries that showed support for ending sanctions, such as Russia, France and China, the report says.
The former head of the oil-for-food program, Benon Sevan, also is accused of receiving bribes in the form of vouchers allowing him or companies tied to him to purchase 7.3 million barrels of oil, which would have netted US$700,000 to US$2 million depending on oil prices.
Sevan is among hundreds of companies, groups and individuals on 13 secret lists kept by the Iraqi Vice President Taha Yasin Ramadan and Oil Minister Amir Rashid Muhammad al-Ubaydi.
"Saddam himself would recommend a specific recipient," the report says, "and the recommended amount of the allocation."
Russian and French companies were singled out by the regime for special treatment, with politicians close to the French President Jacques Chirac appearing on the list, according to the report.
The most lucrative exploitation of the program involved kickbacks from companies executing legal sales of oil. Under the terms of the UN resolution establishing the program, Iraq maintained the right to determine who got contracts for oil being exported and the humanitarian goods being imported -- and to determine market prices.
In what the report calls "an open secret," the Iraqi government demanded illicit surcharges on all barrels of oil bought, which buyers had to secretly pay before the deals were sealed. They complied because the Iraqis were selling slightly below market prices.
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