Christopher Suazo was in the jungle, wearing torn jogging pants and cradling an M-1 rifle. At 18, he had managed only three years of schooling when he joined the Communist Party last fall.
Like many others, Suazo was motivated by a perceived injustice. His father and uncle, both farmers, were gunned down last March, he said, by the hired hands of a town mayor whom the military protects.
The Communist rebellion in the Philippines began 35 years ago. It foundered but has regained strength and, according to military estimates, now counts 10,000 fighters in its armed wing, the New People's Army.
The Communists "are our utmost security concern at present," even though they have been overshadowed by Muslim insurgents, said Colonel Daniel Lucero, a military spokesman. "We consider them a much bigger threat than the Abu Sayyaf, the Moro Islamic Liberation Front or the Jemaah Islamiyah," he said.
Since September, Suazo has been moving around in the mountains here on the southern island of Mindanao, always alert for enemies who lurk in the jungles below, but happy with his decision to join. "I can only be safe here with the New People's Army," he said. "One day I and my family will have justice."
In their foggy camp high in the mountains of Compostela Valley province, the Communists go about their business: training cadres in military tactics and martial arts, organizing the residents below, helping peasants on their farms and studying what they call the "evils of US imperialism."
"The US is a brutal enemy," a guerrilla leader known as Richard told a dozen rebels during a class about the invasion of Iraq. "It will not hesitate to use or kill its own people."
Rubi del Mundo, a guerrilla spokeswoman, said: "US interventionism is even more blatant nowadays. It used to just influence the passing of Philippine laws to benefit the business interests of American companies here. Now the US is directly involved in counterrevolutionary activities" in the Philippines.
The number of rebels peaked at more than 25,000 in the 1980s, according to military estimates, but government spies began to penetrate the ranks of the New People's Army. Party officials purged the movement, torturing and killing hundreds of suspected spies.
The purges nearly destroyed the movement, but it began to creep back once the Communists sent guerrillas in the cities back to the countryside. In many remote parts of the country, the party functions as the government, providing services and a basic livelihood.
Hardly a week goes by without two or three gunbattles, and the military has responded with tough measures that have been roundly criticized.
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