Perhaps no other sport is pursued as religiously as sumo wrestling. Before a match, referees (who double as Shinto priests) purify the seaweed, salt and sake. Wrestlers wash their faces, mouths and armpits before entering the dohyo (ring), on whose sacred sand neither shoes nor women may tread. Before a match starts, the two contestants raise their hands to show that they are not hiding weapons in the folds of their loincloth-like belt.
The elders of the Japan Sumo Association (JSA), the retired wrestlers who govern the sport, see themselves less as administrators than as guardians of a holy tradition. They promote wrestlers to the highest ranks not just on brute merit, but according to how much hinkaku (dignity) they are judged to possess.
That dignity is vanishing. Allegations of match-fixing, dope-smoking, orgies and ties to gangsters among the sport’s top stars have enraged the Japanese public. Indeed, Japanese sumo circles are now facing growing public infamy, causing many Japanese to wonder if the country, after 20 years of stagnation, is capable of purifying itself.
Backed by an enraged public, the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department (MPD) recently searched about 30 sites, including a raid on a major sumo “stable,” or training center. The move was made in an effort to seize material evidence about the nexus between sumo wrestling and the yakuza, Japan’s mafia-like organized-crime groups that date from the 17th century.
The investigation continues, and the MPD has not yet referred anyone to prosecutors. But the incessant, extended media coverage of the investigation suggests that the MPD has provided — and possibly even leaked — information from the investigation to journalists, a routine but legally dubious means of gaining public support.
Public Gambling
Gambling is illegal in Japan, except for some limited forms of public gambling such as horse racing, bicycle racing and lotteries. The Japanese police usually overlook private gambling that does not threaten public peace and order. Indeed, there is a long tradition of retired police “parachuting” into lucrative posts in pachinko, the defacto gambling industry and, to a lesser extent, across the public gambling sectors. These links raise the question of the real objective of the Japanese police, a bureaucratic behemoth, in their investigation of the sumo circle.
Sumo evolved over many centuries as a peripatetic form of public entertainment in which the wrestlers, trainers and promoters depended on local gangs to secure facilities and an audience, including selling the tickets. This cozy relationship was supposedly dissolved when the traditional sumo circle was modernized, becoming today’s JSA. But a significant part of the JSA’s revenue, if not a majority of it, still comes from ticket sales, despite the big fees that NHK, Japan’s public television, pays for broadcast rights.
Sumo, as a traditional spectacle, cannot survive without respectable patrons. But Japan’s wealthiest people, such as entrepreneurs, medical doctors and lawyers, are nowadays less willing or financially able to continue patronizing the sport, particularly since the collapse of Japan’s asset bubble in the early 1990s.
Instead, these respectable supporters have gradually been replaced over the years by a shady new class of rich Japanese, who have risen through loan-sharking and other dubious businesses. As a result, some sumo stables have become associated in one way or another with people running front companies for yakuza organizations.
The yakuza’s grip on the sumo circle is important, because its traditional way of life is fraying. In the 1950s, Japanese ministers and industrialists sometimes relied on nationalist elements of yakuza groups to quash unions and socialists. The gangs then upheld classic Japanese virtues of manliness and loyalty — and paid for mistakes by slicing off one of their fingers in atonement.
Declining Revenue
But Japan’s long-floundering economy has eaten revenue from traditional activities that required muscle, such as gambling, prostitution and loan-sharking. For example, “land-sharking” — the practice of coercing landowners to sell their land and then flipping it for huge profits — is no longer as lucrative as it once was, because land prices have been flat for years.
To compensate, yakuza groups plunged into financial fraud, stock manipulation and cybercrime, giving rise to a new generation of gangster-nerds, more interested in business than blackmail. For instance, Yamaguchi-gumi, the largest yakuza organization in Japan, boasts roughly 36,000 members and associate members, constituting less than a half of the total yakuza gangsters in Japan, and is estimated to haul in as much as ¥2 trillion (US$21 billion) annually. The organization has hundreds of subsidiary organs across the country and nationwide networks.
As with the US mafia, police zeal has imprisoned many yakuza leaders. The sixth godfather of Yamaguchi-gumi is now in prison until next year. Once he is released, it is anticipated that he will direct a major drive to revitalize his organization through both its traditional and new illegal activities. Some analysts suspect that the sumo circle has provided some of the best match tickets to yakuza leaders, who, as matches were shown on television, sent signals to the godfather that they remain loyal to him.
So it is likely that next year will see a showdown between the police and the Yamaguchi-gumi. The sumo gambling scandal, indeed, may be a prelude to it.
Masahiro Matsumura is a professor of international politics at Momoyama Gakuin Daigaku (St Andrew’s University) in Osaka, Japan.COPYRIGHT: PROJECT SYNDICATE
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