The US Air Force is surging ahead with plans to revitalize its bases on Guam from which to project power into the skies over the western Pacific and the islands and continent of Asia.
Bombers are already stationed regularly at Anderson Air Force Base on rotation from the US, as are aerial tankers essential to long range operations. A wing of 48 fighters is on the way. Perhaps most critical will be unmanned surveillance and intelligence aircraft known as Global Hawk that can remain on station for 24 hours at a range of 1200 miles from base.
Reconstruction of runways from which bombing runs were flown over Vietnam 35 years ago has started. A new hanger has been built and more are on the drawing board; they will be typhoon-proof so that aircraft need not be flown out to escape the storms to which Guam is prone.
Housing for air and base crews and support facilities must be built. Altogether, says General Paul Hester, who commands the Pacific Air Forces from its headquarters at Hickam Air Force Base in Hawaii, executing Air Force plans will cost "well over US$2 billion."
The Marine Corps, under a new US-Japan agreement, will move 8,000 Marines including the III Marine Expeditionary Force headquarters and a brigade of combat troops from Okinawa to Guam. The Navy has based three attack submarines at Guam and is planning to send two more but the repair and maintenance facilities must be refurbished.
To support this military buildup, Guam's electrical grid, its roads and water and sewage systems need to be refurbished after years of neglect. Schools must be expanded. The bill for these plans will probably come close to US$10 billion over 10 years.
Guam has become a focus for US military planners for three reasons.
First, American control: Guam is US territory so the forces do not need permission from a foreign government to go into action.
Nationalistic pressures drove US forces from the Philippines in 1992. South Korea says it would restrict US forces seeking to deploy from there. Even Japan, considered a solid US ally, must take into account local political pressures that may affect US deployments.
The second consideration is what military planners call "backfilling." As ground troops from South Korea, Japan, Alaska and Hawaii and aircraft carriers, surface warships and submarines have deployed to Iraq, other forces, particularly warplanes, have been realigned in the Pacific to maintain deterrence against North Korea and China.
And thirdly, there is the so-called "tyranny of distance," another military term describing the long distances forces must travel across the Pacific from the US to reach operational targets. Bases in Guam will put air power within striking range of targets in North Korea, the Taiwan Strait and the South China Sea.
Guam was acquired from Spain in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. The island was captured by Japan early in World War II, then retaken in 1944. In the Vietnam War, Anderson was a huge base for B-52 bombers attacking North Vietnam in 14 hour flights during which American aviators flew into the fiercest anti-aircraft fire since tWorld War II.
Some of those same B-52s, modernized with advanced sensing equipment and armed with missiles that can be fired many miles from targets, are rotating through Guam, as are B-1 and B-2 bombers. Despite its age, General Hester said in an interview, "the B-52 is a great truck." He said a wing of 48 F-15 fighters and their replacements, F-22 Raptors, would go to Guam on similar rotations.
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