Under a plain marble plaque in a colonnaded courtyard in the center of Athens lies the severed head of the little-known man who some historians believe was really responsible for reviving the modern Olympics.
As the Games return to their birthplace in August, the ghost of Evangelis Zappas is stirring and it threatens to explode the myth that the Olympic revival was the brainchild of the French Baron Pierre de Coubertin.
Historians argue that long overdue credit should be given to Zappas and to a British doctor, William Penny Brookes.
Before De Coubertin was born, the lavishly wealthy Zappas had funded and organized a series of Olympic Games in Athens that historians say the Frenchman later went to pains to conceal.
According to Konstantinos Georgiadis in his new book "Olympic Revival," the baron who founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was a latecomer to the idea of reviving the ancient Greek spectacle who then omitted the two men whose ideas he had borrowed from the histories he produced.
"Until recently everything we'd read about the history of the Olympics was written by De Coubertin himself and in most of the 12,000 pages he identified himself as the sole architect," Georgiadis told reporters.
Today, the IOC acknowledge only the baron as the architect of the Olympic movement and they credit him with the creation of the first official modern Olympics in Athens in 1896.
But after years of trawling through archives, Georgiadis discovered that Zappas and Brookes had organized national Olympics in their own countries four decades earlier and had lobbied the Greek government to host an international Games.
Freedom fighter
Zappas, born in Albania to Greek Orthodox parents, enjoyed a col-orful career as a freedom fighter in the Greek War of Independ-ence against the Ottoman Turks in the 1820s before going on to make a fortune in the distillery business in Romania.
Keen to use his wealth to put the new Greek state on the map, he answered a call from the Athenian poet Panayiotis Soutsos to revive the ancient sporting festival.
With Zappas footing the bill, the first modern Olympics were staged in the Greek capital in 1859 featuring familiar events such as the 200m sprint alongside less orthodox sports such as "bladdering" in which athletes leapt six times over a wine skin.
Zappas died six years later and bequeathed his entire fortune to the Olympia committee whose job it was to stage Olympics every four years, build a grand exhibition hall and rebuild the ruined ancient Panathenean Stadium.
Zappas left instructions that his corpse should be divided between the three countries he loved best. Initially he was buried in Romania but on completion of the Athens exhibition hall, christened the Zappeion, the body was dug up.
The corpse was decapitated and the head entombed in the Zappeion while the remainder was sent to the village where he was born in Albania.
Georgiadis' claims are endorsed by US academic David Young whose 1996 book Olympics: the struggle for revival highlighted the contribution of Britain's Brookes.
"I fear that Coubertin's vanity caused him to seek all the credit and actively cover up the contributions of others, denying that the Zappas Games happened and omit-ting Brookes' name from his Mem-oires Olympiques," said Young.
Born in the small town of Much Wenlock, in Shropshire, Brookes was a keen classicist who organized a series of Games he described as "Olympic."
What began as a local athletics festival grew to become the British Olympic Games in 1887. The first event open to women was knitting.
Prize money
Brookes learnt of the Olympiads in Athens and wrote to Zappas. The pair exchanged money that was used as prizes in their respective Games.
It was Brookes who in 1881 proposed to the Greek government that the parallel Olympics should be internationalized, according to an article at the time in the Greek newspaper Klio.
In 1890, Coubertin visited the Much Wenlock Games where according to Young he was initiated into the idea of an international Olympics.
Within four years the IOC was formed and the Greek government had agreed to host the first international Games.
"Until then Coubertin was relatively uninterested in classical ideas and Olympic revivalism," writes Georgiadis.
But the Olympic establishment continues to downplay the contribution of Zappas and Brookes. Jean-Loup Chappelet, secretary general of the De Coubertin Foundation, which is staging exhibitions in Athens in August, insists that De Coubertin's legacy is of primary importance.
"[He] is the one who worked hard toward this goal, networking with sports organizations ... founding the IOC in 1894, fighting for circulating the Games across continents, unlike Zappas and Penny Brookes who kept their games at the same place."
Both historians insist they are not interested in diminishing the role of the French baron but that Olympic history needs revision.
"I have no desire to discredit Coubertin but I do think others deserve some credit too," said Young.
There is much evidence that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is sending soldiers from the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) to support Russia’s invasion of Ukraine — and is learning lessons for a future war against Taiwan. Until now, the CCP has claimed that they have not sent PLA personnel to support Russian aggression. On 18 April, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelinskiy announced that the CCP is supplying war supplies such as gunpowder, artillery, and weapons subcomponents to Russia. When Zelinskiy announced on 9 April that the Ukrainian Army had captured two Chinese nationals fighting with Russians on the front line with details
Within Taiwan’s education system exists a long-standing and deep-rooted culture of falsification. In the past month, a large number of “ghost signatures” — signatures using the names of deceased people — appeared on recall petitions submitted by the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) against Democratic Progressive Party legislators Rosalia Wu (吳思瑤) and Wu Pei-yi (吳沛憶). An investigation revealed a high degree of overlap between the deceased signatories and the KMT’s membership roster. It also showed that documents had been forged. However, that culture of cheating and fabrication did not just appear out of thin air — it is linked to the
The Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT), joined by the Taiwan People’s Party (TPP), held a protest on Saturday on Ketagalan Boulevard in Taipei. They were essentially standing for the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), which is anxious about the mass recall campaign against KMT legislators. President William Lai (賴清德) said that if the opposition parties truly wanted to fight dictatorship, they should do so in Tiananmen Square — and at the very least, refrain from groveling to Chinese officials during their visits to China, alluding to meetings between KMT members and Chinese authorities. Now that China has been defined as a foreign hostile force,
On April 19, former president Chen Shui-bian (陳水扁) gave a public speech, his first in about 17 years. During the address at the Ketagalan Institute in Taipei, Chen’s words were vague and his tone was sour. He said that democracy should not be used as an echo chamber for a single politician, that people must be tolerant of other views, that the president should not act as a dictator and that the judiciary should not get involved in politics. He then went on to say that others with different opinions should not be criticized as “XX fellow travelers,” in reference to
RSS