Under a plain marble plaque in a colonnaded courtyard in the center of Athens lies the severed head of the little-known man who some historians believe was really responsible for reviving the modern Olympics.
As the Games return to their birthplace in August, the ghost of Evangelis Zappas is stirring and it threatens to explode the myth that the Olympic revival was the brainchild of the French Baron Pierre de Coubertin.
Historians argue that long overdue credit should be given to Zappas and to a British doctor, William Penny Brookes.
Before De Coubertin was born, the lavishly wealthy Zappas had funded and organized a series of Olympic Games in Athens that historians say the Frenchman later went to pains to conceal.
According to Konstantinos Georgiadis in his new book "Olympic Revival," the baron who founded the International Olympic Committee (IOC) was a latecomer to the idea of reviving the ancient Greek spectacle who then omitted the two men whose ideas he had borrowed from the histories he produced.
"Until recently everything we'd read about the history of the Olympics was written by De Coubertin himself and in most of the 12,000 pages he identified himself as the sole architect," Georgiadis told reporters.
Today, the IOC acknowledge only the baron as the architect of the Olympic movement and they credit him with the creation of the first official modern Olympics in Athens in 1896.
But after years of trawling through archives, Georgiadis discovered that Zappas and Brookes had organized national Olympics in their own countries four decades earlier and had lobbied the Greek government to host an international Games.
Freedom fighter
Zappas, born in Albania to Greek Orthodox parents, enjoyed a col-orful career as a freedom fighter in the Greek War of Independ-ence against the Ottoman Turks in the 1820s before going on to make a fortune in the distillery business in Romania.
Keen to use his wealth to put the new Greek state on the map, he answered a call from the Athenian poet Panayiotis Soutsos to revive the ancient sporting festival.
With Zappas footing the bill, the first modern Olympics were staged in the Greek capital in 1859 featuring familiar events such as the 200m sprint alongside less orthodox sports such as "bladdering" in which athletes leapt six times over a wine skin.
Zappas died six years later and bequeathed his entire fortune to the Olympia committee whose job it was to stage Olympics every four years, build a grand exhibition hall and rebuild the ruined ancient Panathenean Stadium.
Zappas left instructions that his corpse should be divided between the three countries he loved best. Initially he was buried in Romania but on completion of the Athens exhibition hall, christened the Zappeion, the body was dug up.
The corpse was decapitated and the head entombed in the Zappeion while the remainder was sent to the village where he was born in Albania.
Georgiadis' claims are endorsed by US academic David Young whose 1996 book Olympics: the struggle for revival highlighted the contribution of Britain's Brookes.
"I fear that Coubertin's vanity caused him to seek all the credit and actively cover up the contributions of others, denying that the Zappas Games happened and omit-ting Brookes' name from his Mem-oires Olympiques," said Young.
Born in the small town of Much Wenlock, in Shropshire, Brookes was a keen classicist who organized a series of Games he described as "Olympic."
What began as a local athletics festival grew to become the British Olympic Games in 1887. The first event open to women was knitting.
Prize money
Brookes learnt of the Olympiads in Athens and wrote to Zappas. The pair exchanged money that was used as prizes in their respective Games.
It was Brookes who in 1881 proposed to the Greek government that the parallel Olympics should be internationalized, according to an article at the time in the Greek newspaper Klio.
In 1890, Coubertin visited the Much Wenlock Games where according to Young he was initiated into the idea of an international Olympics.
Within four years the IOC was formed and the Greek government had agreed to host the first international Games.
"Until then Coubertin was relatively uninterested in classical ideas and Olympic revivalism," writes Georgiadis.
But the Olympic establishment continues to downplay the contribution of Zappas and Brookes. Jean-Loup Chappelet, secretary general of the De Coubertin Foundation, which is staging exhibitions in Athens in August, insists that De Coubertin's legacy is of primary importance.
"[He] is the one who worked hard toward this goal, networking with sports organizations ... founding the IOC in 1894, fighting for circulating the Games across continents, unlike Zappas and Penny Brookes who kept their games at the same place."
Both historians insist they are not interested in diminishing the role of the French baron but that Olympic history needs revision.
"I have no desire to discredit Coubertin but I do think others deserve some credit too," said Young.
A high-school student surnamed Yang (楊) gained admissions to several prestigious medical schools recently. However, when Yang shared his “learning portfolio” on social media, he was caught exaggerating and even falsifying content, and his admissions were revoked. Now he has to take the “advanced subjects test” scheduled for next month. With his outstanding performance in the general scholastic ability test (GSAT), Yang successfully gained admissions to five prestigious medical schools. However, his university dreams have now been frustrated by the “flaws” in his learning portfolio. This is a wake-up call not only for students, but also teachers. Yang did make a big
As former president Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九) concludes his fourth visit to China since leaving office, Taiwan finds itself once again trapped in a familiar cycle of political theater. The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has criticized Ma’s participation in the Straits Forum as “dancing with Beijing,” while the Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) defends it as an act of constitutional diplomacy. Both sides miss a crucial point: The real question is not whether Ma’s visit helps or hurts Taiwan — it is why Taiwan lacks a sophisticated, multi-track approach to one of the most complex geopolitical relationships in the world. The disagreement reduces Taiwan’s
Former president Ma Ying-jeou (馬英九) is visiting China, where he is addressed in a few ways, but never as a former president. On Sunday, he attended the Straits Forum in Xiamen, not as a former president of Taiwan, but as a former Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) chairman. There, he met with Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference Chairman Wang Huning (王滬寧). Presumably, Wang at least would have been aware that Ma had once been president, and yet he did not mention that fact, referring to him only as “Mr Ma Ying-jeou.” Perhaps the apparent oversight was not intended to convey a lack of
Chinese Nationalist Party (KMT) Chairman Eric Chu (朱立倫) last week announced that the KMT was launching “Operation Patriot” in response to an unprecedented massive campaign to recall 31 KMT legislators. However, his action has also raised questions and doubts: Are these so-called “patriots” pledging allegiance to the country or to the party? While all KMT-proposed campaigns to recall Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) lawmakers have failed, and a growing number of local KMT chapter personnel have been indicted for allegedly forging petition signatures, media reports said that at least 26 recall motions against KMT legislators have passed the second signature threshold
RSS