Many German families have faced the uncomfortable question: What did grandpa do during World War II? Now, the answer might be just a few clicks away — but it might not be what they wanted to hear.
In March, the US National Archives posted online the digital scans of about 12 million membership cards from Adolf Hitler’s Nazi party.
The records, seized by US troops after the Nazis were defeated in World War II, had previously only been available on microfilm.
Photo: AFP
Since the mass online release, secrets buried for decades were suddenly just a simple search away.
Die Zeit and Der Spiegel quickly launched online tools to help Germans sift the archive.
“Was grandpa a Nazi?” asked the headlines on news stories across Germany.
Since then, hundreds of thousands of Germans have searched the records for names of ancestors, well aware they might face unpleasant truths.
One of them, Corinna, 60, said she learnt that her father had joined the Nazis in 1935 — two years after Hitler seized power. Her 26-year-old daughter Helena had found proof in the digitized archive.
“When my younger daughter told me about it on the phone, and then sent me a screenshot of the file, I was quite surprised,” said Corinna, who did not want to give her last name.
Corinna said she knew her father had been wounded fighting in France and Russia with the German army, but she said he had never mentioned having Nazi sympathies.
She always believed that the man, from a mining family in Germany’s western Saarland region, was a lifelong member of the Social Democrats, Germany’s labor party.
While the German state has gone to great lengths to remember and atone for the country’s past under the Nazis, including the Holocaust, German families have often preferred not to mention the war — or even lie about it.
By the time Hitler’s Third Reich was defeated in 1945, more than one in 10 had joined the Nazi party.
However, after the war, this generation “made it clear through the atmosphere within the family that certain things should not be discussed,” said historian Johannes Spohr, who has long helped families trace their ancestors’ Nazi past.
Spohr said that many ex-Nazis “often didn’t just remain silent, as is often claimed, but also told a different version of history” — often portraying themselves as victims of Nazism or even members of the small anti-Nazi resistance movement.
Recent polls have shown that an implausibly high percentage of Germans — between 11 and 18 percent — think their grandparents tried to help those being persecuted by the Nazi regime, Spohr said.
The real figure, according to latest historical research, is less than 1 percent, he said.
Felix Puelm, a 42-year-old history professor, said that he discovered his now-deceased grandmother had joined the Nazis in 1940 when she was 19.
By then, he said that “she had already seen that the Nazis started war on the neighboring countries” and “seen a great deal about where things are headed.”
“And yet she still made her decision,” he said.
Puelm said he wished he had known earlier and been able to “ask more questions” of his grandmother before her death.
He said his grandparents showed no sympathy for Hitler’s regime after the war.
“But they hadn’t revealed everything they did at the time,” said Puelm, who works at Silpakorn University in Thailand.
The date that someone joined the Nazis can provide clues about their level of commitment, he said.
“If someone joined in the 1920s or early 1930s, before Hitler came to power, it tends to indicate a conviction, that they really wanted to actively fight for the cause,” Spohr said.
From 1933 onward, more people might have acted out of opportunism, to secure jobs or otherwise benefit from the Nazi hierarchy.
“There were certain professional fields where there were a lot of party members, for example civil servants and teachers,” the historian said. “And you can certainly say that there was a kind of social pressure — but nobody was forced to join the party.”
The new window into the Nazi archives might lead more Germans to reflect on the current rise of the far-right Alternative for Germany, which now leads most polls, he said.
Puelm said he hoped revelations might prompt “many families to take the time to consider the reasons that lead them to join such a party.”
As shark attack survivor Mel Ismail fought the predator that severed his leg, he noticed something odd. “I saw its eye ... a big black eye,” Ismail said. “But it was winking back at me — I was trying to get my fingers in its eye and just pushing its eye as I was being dragged.” When the shark swam off, he managed to struggle back to shore, the surfer and professional firefighter said in an Australian Broadcasting Corp interview broadcast on Thursday. He was surfing at Glenfield Beach near Geraldton on Australia’s west coast when he was attacked on Sept. 14. He
VIOLENT STANDOFFS: The government said 215 students have been injured since the start of the movement last month, including a teenager who lost a hand on Monday Thousands of demonstrators yesterday massed under heavy police surveillance in Paris and cities across France, as unions and teachers joined high-school students who for days have been demanding better conditions in protests punctuated by violent clashes. Students have blocked the entrances to hundreds of high schools for 15-to-17-year-olds since late last month, complaining of missing teachers, overloaded schedules, dilapidated classrooms and buildings that cannot cope with rising temperatures. In the Paris suburb of Creteil, where the protests started last month, students piled barriers outside the Saint-Exupery high school. “We are here to make our voice heard, all too often forgotten,” student Abderrahmane Abdelkader
A Tuvalu government adviser yesterday said it felt like Australia had “taken over” the tiny country’s sovereignty during a visit by leaders to the Pacific island. The official — a senior government adviser who asked to remain anonymous because they were not authorized to speak to the media — said they were disappointed in Australia’s handling of the visit. The comments came during a visit by Australian Prime Minister Anthony Albanese and other leaders to Tuvalu, which has become a symbol of the existential threat posed by rising seas and is a key partner in Canberra’s Pacific strategy. “Just because we signed the
Halfway around the world from Russia, in a Caribbean tourism hot spot, men young and old are being lured by Moscow with tantalizing job offers, only to find themselves en route to the front lines in Ukraine. Moscow and Kyiv have recruited thousands of foreign nationals into their armies since Russia launched its invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Moscow is accused, in some cases, of using fake job ads to hoodwink men from deprived backgrounds in Africa, Asia and Latin America into traveling to Russia and then forcing them to fight on arrival. From countries such as India, Kenya, Equatorial Guinea, Colombia and
RSS