A recent ceasefire agreed between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DR Congo) and Rwanda-backed M23 rebels, set to take effect this week, ranks as a tentative step toward peace in the country’s conflict-wracked east.
Signed on July 19 in Doha, Qatar, the agreement saw the sides commit to a “permanent ceasefire” and “dialogue and negotiation” to facilitate the “voluntary” return of refugees and displaced persons.
However, analysts cautioned that the peace process in the mineral-rich region remains fragile and lacks sufficient international support.
Photo: AFP
Thousands of people have died in fighting over the key towns of Goma and Bukavu, with many thousands displaced and facing a serious humanitarian crisis.
Eastern DRC, rich in resources and bordering Rwanda, has been riven by conflict for more than 30 years. The crisis intensified with the 2021 resurgence of the M23 group and came to a head in January and February as the group seized Goma and Bukavu, setting up parallel administrations in each.
Kinshasa had previously opposed direct dialogue with M23. Diplomatic attempts to resolve the crisis, including mediation by Angola, failed.
However, the surprise intervention of Qatar succeeded in bringing together DR Congo President Felix Tshisekedi and Rwandan President Paul Kagame in Doha in March.
The pair committed to an immediate and unconditional ceasefire, and “that’s when things really got moving,” a Rwandan diplomatic source said.
“This paved the way for negotiations at the technical level with a bilateral track between the DRC and Rwanda, and on the other side an internal track between the DRC and the M23,” the source said. “Then the US entered the fray and more or less took over the bilateral aspect.”
Seeking foreign support against M23’s rapid advances, Tshisekedi in early March discussed a mining agreement with the US.
On June 28, the foreign ministers of the DRC and Rwanda signed a “peace agreement” in Washington.
On July 17, the DR Congo government signed an agreement with US group Kobold Metals, which committed to investing in the digitization of geological data and the development of a lithium mine in the southeast of the DR Congo.
The Congolese president then resolved to hold direct talks with M23, having previously refused to do so, leading to the Doha agreement.
The Doha agreement calls for a roadmap for the “full restoration of authority” of the DR Congo government in the east of the country once a peace agreement is signed.
However, a dispute soon arose, when DR Congo government spokesman Patrick Muyaya spoke of an “immediate withdrawal” of M23, which has a political arm, the Congo River Alliance (AFC).
“Nowhere has it been mentioned that the AFC/M23 must leave liberated areas,” AFC spokesman Lawrence Kanyuka said.
This verbal escalation “shows that there is the will on both sides to fight,” Congolese Ebuteli Institute executive director Fred Bauma said.
Without outside pressure — particularly from the US and Qatar, and to a lesser extent the EU — it would be difficult to end the conflict solely through dialogue, Bauma said.
Reports by UN experts say Rwanda has sent troops to the DR Congo to support M23 and has also provided the group with weapons and technology.
Kigali has always rejected those accusations, saying it is simply engaged in “defensive measures” against a Hutu armed group in eastern DR Congo, the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) — an armed group founded by former Hutu leaders of the 1994 Rwandan genocide of the Tutsi ethnic group.
The agreement has not yet put an end to the violence. Thursday last week saw at least 11 people killed in fighting between M23 and pro-Kinshasa groups, local sources said. Both sides blamed the other.
Kinshasa and M23 gave themselves until tomorrow to implement the declaration with the deal setting an Aug. 8 deadline for formal negotiations on a comprehensive peace accord, to be signed by Aug. 17.
However, analysts see these deadlines as short.
It would be tough to meet them in the absence of “sufficiently strong American diplomatic pressure,” Congolese political analyst Christian Moleka said.
It could take “six to eight months, or even a year to see the M23 withdraw” completely from areas which it controls, he said.
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