1. 他說他寫過信給她，但是她沒有收到。
ˇ He said he had written (to) her, but she never received his letter.
χ He said he had written (to) her, but she never received it.
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註：誤句中的 it 是代名詞，但它所代表的詞在句子中並未出現，因此不能用。美語往往將上例中的 “to” 字省略。
2. 普魯斯特在他的作品中表現了對生命的熱愛。
ˇ In his works, Proust expressed his ardent love for life.
χ In Proust’s works he expressed his ardent love for life.
註：一般來說，代名詞應出現在所代替的名詞之後，但有例外。像這裏應以 Proust 作句子的主詞，在主詞出現之前用人稱代名詞所有格來修飾 works。類似的句子如：
狄更斯在作品中揭露了英國社會的醜惡。
In his works, Dickens exposed the evils of English society.
布萊克在他的詩篇中描繪了工業革命時倫敦人民的悲慘生活。
In his poem, William Blake paints a bleak picture of life in Industrial Revolution London.
3. 這就是他住的地方。
ˇ He lives here.
ˇ This is (the place) where he lived.
ˇ Here is where he lived.（指他住的 house, district 等。）
χ Here is which he lived.
註：關係詞 where 常與表場所的先行詞（如 the place、the village）連用。
請看以下例句：
This is (the place) where he was born.
Show me the place where Jane Austen lived.
表地方、時間、原因的關係詞之前的先行詞如 the place、the time、the reason 均可省略，因省略後意義仍然清楚：
Show me (the place) where Jane Austen lived.
That is (the period) when he lived there.
That is (the reason) why he spoke.
Here 放在句首的情形，往往用在引起對方注意的招呼中，如：
Here comes the bus.
Here he comes.
Here is the book for you.
4. 你看過我祖父母住的房子嗎？
ˇ Did you see the house which / that our grandparents lived in?
ˇ Did you see the house in which our grandparents lived?
ˇ Did you see the house where our grandparents lived?
χ Did you see the house which our grandparents lived?
註：關係代名詞 which 和 that 是用來代替附屬子句 our grandparents lived in the house 中的 the house，所以介詞 in 不能省略。in 若放在 which 之前，則較不自然。
5. 他們被迫到南方勞動，那裏需要可利用的人力。
ˇ They were forced to labor in the South which needed an exploitable population.
ˇ They were forced to labor in the South where an exploitable population was needed.
χ They were forced to labor in the South where needed an exploitable population.
註：關係副詞 where 不能作從屬句中的主詞，因此必須改用關係代名詞 which 作為從屬句中的主詞，但是也可以保留關係副詞 where，而改變從屬句的結構，把原來動詞 needed 的受詞改為主詞，並改變動詞的語態。
Exercises:
A. 勞倫斯在他的作品中表達了他崇尚原始的理念。
In __________ works, __________ expressed his ideas of primitivism.
1. Lawrence’s; he 2. his; Lawrence
3. Lawrence; him 4. its; Lawrence
B. 這是那位作家在倫敦留學時住的公寓。
This is the apartment __________ the writer had lived while he studied in London.
1. where 2. which 3. that
Answers: A. 2 B. 1
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www.bookman.com.tw
蘇正隆 — 台灣翻譯學學會前理事長、師大翻譯研究所兼任副教授; 編著《走讀自然.花言樹語》，《英語的對與錯》，《世紀病毒：必讀防疫英文知識與詞彙》...等。國家教育研究院中英雙語詞彙審議委員；研究領域為翻譯、術語及詞典編譯，從事植物與人文導覽數十年，亦曾應邀遠赴國外大學做植物人文導覽。
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