The hottest thing in technology is an unprepossessing sliver of silicon closely related to the chips that power video game graphics. It’s an artificial intelligence chip, designed specifically to make building AI systems such as ChatGPT faster and cheaper.
Such chips have suddenly taken center stage in what some experts consider an AI revolution that could reshape the technology sector — and possibly the world along with it. Shares of Nvidia, the leading designer of AI chips, rocketed up almost 25 percent on May 25 after the company forecast a huge jump in revenue that analysts said indicated soaring sales of its products. The company was briefly worth more than $1 trillion on Tuesday last week.
SO WHAT ARE AI CHIPS, ANYWAY?
Photo: Bloomberg 照片：彭博社
That isn’t an easy question to answer. “There really isn’t a completely agreed upon definition of AI chips,” said Hannah Dohmen, a research analyst with the Center for Security and Emerging Technology.
In general, though, the term encompasses computing hardware that’s specialized to handle AI workloads — for instance, by “training” AI systems to tackle difficult problems that can choke conventional computers.
VIDEO GAME ORIGINS
Photo: Tien Yu-hua, Liberty Times 照片：自由時報記者田裕華
Three entrepreneurs founded Nvidia in 1993 to push the boundaries of computational graphics. Within a few years, the company had developed a new chip called a graphics processing unit, or GPU, which dramatically sped up both development and play of video games by performing multiple complex graphics calculations at once.
That technique, known formally as parallel processing, would prove key to the development of both games and AI. Two graduate students at the University of Toronto used a GPU-based neural network to win a prestigious 2012 AI competition called ImageNet by identifying photo images at much lower error rates than competitors.
The win kick-started interest in AI-related parallel processing, opening a new business opportunity for Nvidia and its rivals while providing researchers powerful tools for exploring the frontiers of AI development.
Photo: Reuters 照片：路透
MODERN AI CHIPS
Eleven years later, Nvidia is the dominant supplier of chips for building and updating AI systems. One of its recent products, the H100 GPU, packs in 80 billion transistors — about 13 million more than Apple’s latest high-end processor for its MacBook Pro laptop. Unsurprisingly, this technology isn’t cheap; at one online retailer, the H100 lists for US$30,000.
Nvidia doesn’t fabricate these complex GPU chips itself, a task that would require enormous investments in new factories. Instead it relies on Asian chip foundries such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. and Korea’s Samsung Electronics.
Some of the biggest customers for AI chips are cloud-computing services such as those run by Amazon and Microsoft. By renting out their AI computing power, those services make it possible for smaller companies and groups that couldn’t afford to build their own AI systems from scratch to use cloud-based tools to help with tasks that can range from drug discovery to customer management.
OTHER USES AND COMPETITION
Parallel processing has many uses outside of AI. A few years ago, for instance, Nvidia graphics cards were in short supply because cryptocurrency miners, who set up banks of computers to solve thorny mathematical problems for bitcoin rewards, had snapped up most of them. That problem faded as the cryptocurrency market collapsed in early 2022.
Analysts say Nvidia will inevitably face tougher competition. One potential rival is Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), which already faces off with Nvidia in the market for computer graphics chips. AMD has recently taken steps to bolster its own lineup of AI chips.
Nvidia is based in Santa Clara, California. Co-founder Jensen Huang remains the company’s president and chief executive.
(AP)
科技界最熱門的東西是一塊不起眼的矽片，它與驅動電子遊戲圖像的晶片密切相關。這就是人工智慧晶片，專為打造更快、更便宜的ChatGPT等人工智慧系統而設計。
這種晶片一躍而成為人工智慧革命的舞台中心，一些專家認為人工智慧（AI）革命可能會重塑技術領域，乃至整個世界。AI晶片設計領頭羊Nvidia（輝達）的股價5月25日飆漲近25%，先前該公司預測營收將大幅成長，分析師說這代表其產品銷量飆升。上週二，輝達的市值一度超過一兆美元。
那麼AI晶片究竟是啥？
這不是個容易回答的問題。智庫「安全與新興技術中心」研究分析師漢娜‧朵門表示：「對於AI晶片確實沒有一個完全一致的定義」。
不過大致說來，AI晶片包括專門處理人工智慧工作負載——例如「訓練」人工智慧系統來解決傳統電腦可能跑不動的難題——的電腦硬體。
源於電子遊戲
三位企業家於1993年創立了輝達，以開拓電腦圖形的疆界。幾年內，該公司開發了一種稱為圖形處理器（GPU）的新晶片，透過同時執行多個複雜的圖形計算，大大加快了電子遊戲的開發與速度。
這種正式名稱叫作「平行處理」的技術，被證明是遊戲與AI的開發關鍵。多倫多大學兩位研究生使用基於GPU的神經網路辨識照片圖像，以比對手低得多的錯誤率在2012年贏得著名的AI競賽ImageNet。
此勝利激起了人們對AI相關之平行處理的興趣，為輝達及其競爭對手開拓了新的商機，同時提供了研究人員探索AI開發新領域的強大工具。
現代AI晶片
11年後，輝達成了打造與升級人工智慧系統的晶片主要供應商。其最新產品之一H100 GPU包含800億個電晶體——比Apple用於其MacBook Pro筆記型電腦的最新高階處理器多出約1300萬個。可以想見，這項技術並不便宜，H100在一家線上零售商的標價為三萬美元。
輝達自己並不製造這些複雜的GPU晶片——製造這些晶片需要大量投資建新工廠。相反地，它仰賴台積電與韓國三星電子等亞洲晶片代工廠。
AI晶片的一些最大客戶是雲計算服務，例如亞馬遜及微軟所營運的服務。透過出租其AI運算能力，這些服務使無力從頭建置自己的AI系統的小型公司及團體，能夠使用基於雲的工具來助其完成各種工作，從藥物探索到客戶管理等。
其他用途與競爭者
平行處理在AI之外有很多用途。例如幾年前，輝達顯示卡供不應求，因為大部分顯卡都被加密貨幣礦工搶購，這些礦工建立電腦組來解決棘手的數學問題以獲得比特幣獎勵。隨著加密貨幣市場在2022年初崩潰，此問題逐漸消失。
分析師表示，輝達將不可避免地面臨更激烈的競爭。一個潛在的競爭對手是超微（AMD），它已在電腦圖形晶片市場上與輝達分庭抗禮。AMD最近已採取行動加強其AI晶片陣容。
輝達的總部位於美國加州聖塔克拉拉，其共同創辦人黃仁勳仍擔任公司總裁及執行長。
（台北時報林俐凱編譯）
Bye, Lightning cable. Hello, USB-C. Apple is ditching its in-house iPhone charging plug and falling in line with the rest of the tech industry by adopting a more widely used connection standard. A big part of the reason is a European Union common charging rule that’s coming soon for the 27-nation bloc. Here’s a look at the USB-C plug and what it means for consumers: WHAT IS USB-C AND HOW CAN I TELL IT APART FROM OTHER PLUGS? The first part of the acronym stands for Universal Serial Bus, and it replaces earlier versions of the USB cables used on everything from printers and
A: More and more department stores are opening soon. In Taipei’s east district, Shin Kong Mitsukoshi’s Diamond Towers are to launch a trial run tomorrow. B: And in New Taipei’s Xindian District, Yes! Life Yulon City shopping mall featuring Asia’s largest Eslite Bookstore will also start a trial operation next week. A: There are so many department stores. B: Yeah, in Taipei’s Xinyi District alone, there are Shin Kong’s A4, A8, A9 and A11, Breeze Xinyi, Songgao, Nanshan, Far Eastern Xinyi, Eslite Xinyi, Uni-Ustyle, Belavita, ATT and Taipei 101. A: Well, let’s go window shopping then! A: 又有更多的百貨公司要開幕啦，台北市東區的新光三越「雙子星鑽石塔」，明天起將展開試營運。 B:
交通規則是每個人日常生活不可避免的一部分，不明所以的上路出門將承擔人身安全風險或錢包遭殃的代價。交通情境更是TOEIC常考的內容之一。透過這次的交通新制上路，我們從規則、罰款和駕照三大部分來學TOEIC常考字吧！ 交通規則說法 交通規則英文一共有三種說法，分別是traffic laws、traffic regulations、traffic rules。 1. laws是法律，所以traffic laws指的就是和交通相關的法律條文。2. regulation則是來自於regulate（規範），因為交通有各式各樣的行為都是受到規範的，所以可以用traffic regulations來表示交通規則。但其實regulation最常見的用法還是一些相關部門或企業的principles or regulations governing conducts（希望大家遵守的行為方式）。3. 而英文字rules，和交通相關的詞就是traffic rules，這個字也較常搭配比賽使用，例如contest rules或game rules。 The newly amended air pollution law has aroused wide controversy. （新修訂的空污法激起了廣泛的爭議。） Many financial leaders around the globe are calling for stricter regulations for crypto currencies. （全球許多的金融領袖正呼籲對加密貨幣進行更嚴格的規範。） Tabletop games with complex rules are not for beginners. （具有複雜規則的桌遊不適合新手。） 守規則與違規 守規則有兩個主要的英文說法是follow與obey，follow來自於跟從，obey的原意是服從，所以當我們跟從或服從特定的規定，自然就是遵守規則。而違規也有最基本的三種英文說法，分別是break、violate和offend。 這三個英文單字，最口語的說法是break（打破），但要特別注意break the rule（打破常規）也可以是正面意思。而違規較正式的說法是violate，它來自於拉丁文的violatus，與violence（暴力）是同一個語源。若你想把這個單字背起來，你可以把violate想像成是使用暴力時侵犯到某些規則。另外，動詞offend（冒犯）可以用來表達違規，但在使用時通常要轉化成為名詞，例如traffic offender。 Sometimes it pays off to break the rules. （有時打破常規是會值得的。） The new business idea may violate international law. （這個新的商業想法可能會違反國際法。） Habitual traffic offenders should receive more severe punishments. （交通慣犯應該接受更為嚴厲的處罰。） 處罰英文怎麼說？ 被抓到違規後當然要接受處罰啦，由於交通處罰大多是用罰款來處理，所以最常用的字就是fine。Fine當成形容詞的意思是「好的」，如It’s a fine day，但當成動詞或是名詞時的意思則是「罰款」。 The company is facing a huge fine for violating several trade regulations. （該公司因為違反數條貿易規範而面臨巨額罰款。） 除了fine之外，處罰也可以penalty來表示。Penalty這個字相信最近會被許多人討論，因為世足賽上的「罰12碼球」就稱為Penalty kick，也就是PK（一對一挑戰）的由來。除了足球，在日常生活中遇到任何的違規被罰，只要是「付出代價」性質的都可以用penalty來表示。 The train company will hike the penalty on
If you are looking for some adventure along with physical challenges, you may want to give “bouldering” a try. This activity involves free climbing on small rock formations or __1__ rock walls. Bouldering, which literally means climbing on boulders, doesn’t need ropes or harnesses that are necessary for rock climbing. Bouldering only requires a minimal amount of __2__ such as climbing shoes, some chalk, and safety mats. A bouldering wall is no higher than five meters, so bouldering can be done both indoors and outdoors. What’s more, climbers are __3__ to solve problems by using their strength, technique, and balance
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