Hummingbirds are not only bright in appearance but also in brain, it would seem, with new research suggesting the tiny creatures are able to understand a numerical concept of order.
While hummingbirds have previously been found to visit flowers in particular sequences when foraging, researchers say the new study suggests this process could be based on the concept of “first”, “second” and so on, rather than features such as specific flower location or nearby landmarks.
However, it does not mean that hummingbirds can count. “Counting has a more anthropocentric connotation,” said Dr Maria Tello-Ramos of the University of St Andrews, a co-author of the study. “This is more like ordering things in a sequence. We cannot say [the hummingbirds] were counting, ‘One, two, three, four,’ but that they knew that [the] fourth [flower] was different from the third flower that they encountered,” she said.
Photo: EPA-EFE 照片：歐新社
Tello-Ramos added that such a skill could help hummingbirds attach information to their foraging sequence, such as that the second flower has run out of nectar, meaning they know to skip it — even if it looks unchanged — and move on to the next in the sequence.
Some other animals that have undergone training, including rats, monkeys, bees and parrots, have previously been found able to grasp that items in a sequence can take a particular order based on an abstract numerical concept. However, the team behind the new research said their study was the first time such a capability had been shown in a wild, free-living vertebrate.
Writing in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, Tello-Ramos and colleagues reported how they made their discovery by presenting nine male rufous hummingbirds with a row of 10 identical fake flowers on sticks spaced 20cm apart, with each flower constructed from a foam disk with a tube in the center.
To train the hummingbirds, the team filled the inner tube of the first fake flower in the row with a sugary solution. Once each hummingbird visited this flower four times in succession, the flowers were shuffled — to take account of any subtle differences between them — and the first flower in this new row was filled with a sugary solution.
The training was repeated with the sweet treat in the second, third and finally the fourth flower. The team found all the hummingbirds learned to fly to the correct flower, with the one containing the sugar visited significantly more than would be expected by chance during the training.
To check that the birds were not simply learning which flower to pick by its distance along the row, the team presented the birds with a row of randomly spaced fake flowers. The results show that the birds had a clear preference for flying straight to the flower containing the sugary solution.
Tello-Ramos said the findings added a numerical concept of order to a growing list of information that hummingbirds use to get by, including location and flower color. “If the information is relevant, the humming bird will use it,” she said.
(The Guardian)
蜂鳥不只外表光鮮亮麗，腦袋似乎也很靈光──新研究顯示，這種體型嬌小的鳥類能夠理解「順序」的數字概念。
先前的研究曾發現，蜂鳥在覓食時會以特別的先後次序拜訪花朵。研究人員表示，這份新研究指出，蜂鳥採集花蜜的過程可能是根據「第一朵」、「第二朵」這樣以此類推的概念，而不是仰賴特定花朵位置或附近地標等地理特徵。
儘管如此，這不代表蜂鳥會算數。這篇研究的共同作者、蘇格蘭聖安德魯大學的瑪麗亞‧特羅─哈摩斯指出：「『計算』這個概念帶有以人類為中心的含義。」她表示：「在蜂鳥身上發現的現象比較像是用一組順序排列物件。我們不能說[蜂鳥]正在算數，『一、二、三、四』，但是牠們知道第四[朵花]跟路上遇到的第三朵是不同的。」
特羅─哈摩斯補充說：「像這樣的能力可以幫助蜂鳥，在覓食順序中加入資訊，例如第二朵花已經沒有蜜了，代表牠們知道要跳過這朵花──就算花看起來沒有改變──然後繼續往前，飛往順序中的下一朵。」
受過訓練的其他動物，包括老鼠、猴子、蜜蜂，以及鸚鵡，先前都被發現能夠根據抽象的數字概念，理解一連串物件具有特定順序。不過，這份新研究背後的團隊指出，他們的研究是首次發現這種能力出現在獨立生存的野生脊椎動物身上。
在刊登於英國期刊《皇家學會報告生物科學版》的這篇論文中，特羅─哈摩斯和她的同事解釋獲得這項發現的過程：她們為九隻公的紅褐色蜂鳥準備一排十朵、一模一樣的假花，每朵插在間隔二十公分的枝條上。這些花是用裁成圓盤狀的泡綿做成，中間有一根管子。
為了訓練這些蜂鳥，研究團隊把含糖溶液注入第一朵假花裡面的管子。等到每隻蜂鳥都連續拜訪過這朵花四次以後，研究人員考量到假花之間可能具有細微差異，遂調換花朵順序，再把含糖溶液注入重新排列後的第一朵假花。
研究人員隨後重複這項訓練，改將甜美的糖液分別注入第二朵、第三朵，最後是第四朵花。團隊發現，受測蜂鳥全數都知道要飛往正確的花朵。內含糖水的那朵花，被蜂鳥拜訪的次數顯著多於訓練過程中可以預期的巧合。
為了確認蜂鳥不是單純以距離選擇一整排裡面的某一朵花，研究團隊也在實驗中以亂數安排假花之間的距離。結果顯示：蜂鳥有明顯的偏好，會直接飛向含有糖溶液的那朵假花。
特羅─哈摩斯表示，這項發現將「順序的數字概念」加入蜂鳥賴以為生的資訊清單中，這個清單目前仍在不斷增加，其中也包括位置和花朵顏色的訊息。她表示：「如果這項資訊是有意義的，蜂鳥就會運用它。」
（台北時報章厚明譯）
A: It’s a pity that I can’t go to Australian pop diva Kylie Minogue’s concert. B: Why not? A: Hit Japanese singer Kenshi Yonezu is staging two shows at the Taipei Arena this weekend, and I already bought tickets long ago. B: Wow, isn’t he one of the most popular Japanese singers in recent years? A: And Yonezu’s megahit “Lemon” topped the Billboard Japan Hot 100’s year-end chart in 2018 and 2019 consecutively. A: 我不能去澳洲歌后凱莉米諾的演唱會真可惜。 B: 為什麼？ A: 日本人氣歌手米津玄師週末將在小巨蛋熱唱兩場，我早早就買票啦。 B: 哇他可是日本近年來最紅的歌手之一。 A: 米津的神曲《Lemon》甚至還在2018、2019年連續稱霸告示牌日本單曲榜年度冠軍！ (By Eddy Chang, Taipei Times／台北時報張迪)
The Lemon Festival is a fun annual celebration in Menton, France. This festival began in 1934 and honors the region’s exceptional lemons. __1__ in February during the lemon season, the festival features beautiful floats and sculptures covered with dazzling lemons and oranges. These citrus creations are on display in the bright sunshine throughout the day, while at night, they are lit up and turn the town into a __2__ spectacle. The festival’s origins can be traced back to the late 19th century, when Menton was a major lemon producer. __3__, hotels would decorate their spaces with lemons and oranges
中國海關總署突然發布通知，指台灣輸入的釋迦及蓮霧檢出介殼蟲「大洋臀紋粉蚧」，決定暫停輸入。 In September 2021, China’s customs administration announced that it would suspend imports of sweetsop and jambu from Taiwan, citing discoveries of Planococcus minor, a type of mealybug. 蓮霧 (jambu/champoo, Syzygium samarangense) ，又名洋蒲桃，是桃金孃科熱帶水果，原產於印尼和馬來西亞，在星、馬稱作水蓊，中、港、澳稱作天桃。 蓮霧學名中的種小名 samarangense，係因模式標本採自印尼的Semarang (三寶瓏) 而得名。 蓮霧馬來語稱為 jambu air，第二個字 air讀作 /?a??(r)/，是水的意思，荷蘭人從印尼引進台灣，台語音譯為蓮霧 ian-b?。 以往蓮霧常見譯為 wax apple，聽起來好像素描靜物用的蠟製水果 (Wax Fruit)，曾有人問美國朋友要不要吃蓮霧? Care for a wax apple? 對方回一句：Why not a real one? 近來美國市場流行泰語的講法 champoo。蓮霧果實長得像鈴鐺，因此又稱為 bell-fruit。 Syzygium samarangense is a tropical fruit in the family Myrtaceae, native to the Greater Sunda Islands and the Malay Peninsula. Common names in English include champoo, jambu, bell fruit, rose apple, Java apple, and wax apple. In Taiwan, the dark red cultivars are nicknamed “Black
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