On March 24, 1721, Johann Sebastian Bach completed the Brandenburg Concertos for the Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt.
The concertos belong to the genre of concerto grosso, popular during the Baroque period. This was structured as the concertino small group of soloists playing instruments selected for their distinct color, accompanied by a larger group of instruments known as the ripieno. Playing together in contrast or in combination, the concertino section and the ripieno ensemble created a mixture of musical colors.
Bach is revered as the greatest composer of all time for his ability to consistently break the mold of tradition in ingenious ways. By selecting a wide range of instruments to stand out in different pieces within the collection, Bach was able to demonstrate his command of the distinctive voice of the instruments commonly used in court ensembles.
Photo: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Public Domain
圖片：柏林國家圖書館
In Concerto No. 1, Bach immediately parts with convention by starting the whole collection with all instruments playing in concert, and achieves a sublime symphonic opening where the more intimate atmosphere typical of court chamber music would traditionally have been employed. The piece closes with a minuet, reminiscent of the elegance of traditional Baroque court music.
Being closest to the concerto grosso form, the concertino section in No. 2 is an eclectic selection of four instruments with very different sounds — a valveless natural trumpet with the sound of a hunting horn, the recorder, the oboe and the violin — creating a unique effect.
Intriguingly, Concerto No. 3 is without a concertino, being a string ensemble accompanied by basso continuo: violin, viola, cello, with three of each, interweaving and conversing with one another.
The concertino section in Concerto No. 4 comprises two flauti d’echo (echo flutes) and a violin: The two woodwind instruments play in sequence and follow the violin melody, creating an echo effect.
Perhaps Bach’s most audacious innovation appears in Concerto No. 5, in which the harpsichord, traditionally serving as accompaniment, takes the lead. In this, the whole piece paves the way for subsequent concertos for keyboard instruments.
Concerto No. 6 once again lacks a concertino section, but this time is even without violins. The combination of violas and a variety of different Baroque viols creates a dark, brooding effect.
The Brandenburg Concertos were, essentially, Bach’s resume for applying to a position in the Prussian court to further his career. Once received, however, the manuscript was stored in the Margrave’s library, and was not to be published until more than a hundred years later, when the manuscript was rediscovered. They never would be played in the Margrave’s court.
(Paul Cooper and Chang Ho-ming, Taipei Times)
約翰‧塞巴斯蒂安‧巴赫在一七二一年三月二十四日完成《布蘭登堡協奏曲》，並將其獻給布蘭登堡-施韋特的伯爵。
就樂曲類型而言，這組協奏曲作品屬於巴洛克時期盛行的「大協奏曲」，由一小組樂器音色較為突出的獨奏家組成「獨奏部」，搭配規模較大的另一組「伴奏部」組成。兩個聲部一起演奏時，「獨奏部」與「伴奏部」既呈現出彼此音色的對比，時而合力齊奏，創造出千變萬化的音樂色彩。
巴赫之所以受後人尊崇為最偉大的作曲家，原因來自他屢屢能在陳舊的形式中另闢蹊徑。巴赫在整組作品裡面選用了各式各樣的樂器，讓它們在各曲中展現突出的音色，同時以此呈現自己對於宮廷樂團裡各種常見樂器的充分掌握。
在第一號協奏曲的開頭，巴赫率先跳出傳統框架，讓所有樂器一起演奏，塑造出宛如交響曲般的崇高氣質，藉以展開整組作品，迥異於宮廷室內樂典型的親密氛圍。音樂最後以小步舞曲收尾，讓人懷想傳統巴洛克宮廷音樂的優雅性格。
第二號協奏曲就形式而言最接近於「大協奏曲」，獨奏部卻特異地選擇四把音色截然不同的樂器──宛如狩獵號角、沒有音栓的自然小號，加上直笛、雙簧管，以及小提琴──創造出獨特的聲響效果。
第三號協奏曲令人玩味地不含獨奏部，取而代之的是一組弦樂團，附帶「數字低音」的伴奏：小提琴、中提琴，與大提琴各三把，互相交織、對話。
第四號協奏曲的獨奏部由兩把「回聲的笛子」與一把小提琴組成。在音樂中，兩把木管樂器互相應和，偶亦追隨小提琴的旋律，製造出回音般的效果。
巴赫最大膽的創新或許可見於第五號協奏曲，以往多半擔任伴奏的大鍵琴在此一躍成為音樂主角。這項創舉成為後世鍵盤樂器協奏曲的濫觴。
第六號協奏曲再度不見獨奏部，這回甚至連小提琴都沒有用到。中提琴與多種巴洛克大提琴的組合，呈現出深沉而共鳴豐富的聲響效果。
《布蘭登堡協奏曲》本質上像是一封履歷，巴赫希望藉此在普魯士宮廷中謀得一職，尋求更進一步的生涯發展。布蘭登堡伯爵收到這部作品後竟將它從此束之高閣。一百多年後，這份手稿才被人發現，並首度印行出版，只可惜其中的音樂從來不曾於伯爵的宮廷中演奏。
（台北時報章厚明撰）
South Korea’s famous kimchi is falling victim to climate change, with scientists, farmers and manufacturers saying the quality and quantity of the napa cabbage that is pickled to make the ubiquitous dish is suffering due to rising temperatures. Napa cabbage thrives in cooler climates, and is usually planted in mountainous regions where temperatures during the key growing summer season once rarely rose above 25 degrees Celsius. Studies show that warmer weather brought about by climate change is now threatening these crops, so much so that South Korea might not be able to grow napa cabbage one day due to the intensifying heat. “We
It’s widely recognized that there are far more right-handed people than left-handed people in the world. Being right-handed simply means preferring to use one’s right hand for tasks that involve only one hand, such as writing and eating. But have you ever wondered about the possible reasons behind the global dominance of the right hand over the left? As with many complex biological questions, multiple factors appear to be at play. First, one reason seems to be genetics. __1__ Therefore, the global dominance of right-handedness is something that has been passed down through many generations of humans. Next,
A: What’s even more horrible is that the five suspects who purposely supplied ketamine to actor Matthew Perry were all his “friends.” B: Who exactly are the five suspects? A: They include Matthew’s two doctors, a broker, a drug dealer, and even his live-in assistant. B: Those scumbags should go to jail. A: Yeah, one of the doctors may be sentenced to up to 120 years in prison. A: 更可怕的是，提供男星馬修派瑞「K他命」的5人全是他的「朋友」。 B: 嫌犯是誰啊？ A: 其中包括他的2位醫生、1位仲介、1位毒販、甚至他的同居助理！ B: 那些人渣真該去坐牢。 A: 對啊，其中1位醫生可能面臨120年徒刑。 （By Eddy Chang, Taipei Times／台北時報張聖恩）
On blazing hot summer days, fresh ingredients and cool refreshments straight from a refrigerator feel like nothing short of a miracle. However, chilled foods didn’t begin with modern refrigerators. In fact, the origin of refrigeration precedes the invention of this now-indispensable appliance by centuries. Initially, the quest for refrigeration was motivated more by the desire to cool beverages than to preserve food. The ancient Greeks and Romans, for instance, used snow stored in insulated pits to chill wine. Around the fourth century BC, the Persians made a significant stride in refrigeration techniques when they devised the yakhchal. Fashioned from
RSS