Israel’s detonation of thousands of pagers held by Hezbollah fighters and loyalists in mid-September would be remembered as one of the most ingenious plots in the history of spycraft. It is also a reminder that the most powerful weapon in war is not a fighter jet, a drone or even artificial intelligence, but rather something much older: impersonation.
Central to the Israeli operation was the human infiltration of supply chains. Three years ago, Israel’s intelligence agency, Mossad, developed a custom pager containing plastic explosives. It then sent agents to trick the Taiwanese company Gold Apollo Co (金阿波羅通信) into marketing the device to the right buyers.
Thus, Israel’s biggest blow to Hezbollah in 40 years hinged on the simple dynamic of one human persuading another that he was someone else.
Impersonation — or “identity mimicry” as we call it in a recent book on the topic — is a widely used weapon of war. When Russia invaded Ukraine in February 2022, the first Russian convoy headed for Kyiv was disguised as a Ukrainian unit to avoid detection.
Male jihadists have dressed as women to pull off suicide bombings so often that several Muslim countries now ban face veils on security grounds. It is not just Islamists who use that ploy. Earlier this year, Israeli soldiers entered a West Bank hospital dressed as Palestinian women and doctors to kill three suspected militants.
Mimicry also serves many other purposes. Spies routinely use it to steal sensitive information, which is probably why Bulgarians arrested on espionage charges in the UK last year were in possession of passports from nine different countries. Rogue actors use it to acquire illegal products, as North Korea has done to great effect in its nuclear weapons program.
Mimicry can also allow one to escape captivity, as Colombian drug cartel leader Juan Castro demonstrated when he walked out of a maximum-security jail in 2022 dressed as a guard. It can be used to distract, as former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein did by hiring body doubles to confuse potential assassins.
Impersonation is powerful because it is upstream to many other war tactics, making it the master form of deception.
Every day in every conflict zone around the world, fighters and civilians must be on the lookout for impostors, because the consequences of missing one can be devastating. Let the wrong people into your base, and you will be attacked from the inside. Trust the wrong taxi driver, and you could be captured and tortured.
Impersonation is as old as war itself. Mimicry episodes were so frequent in antiquity that the classical authors Frontinus and Polyaenus wrote catalogues with hundreds of examples as a warning to generals.
Subsequent periods featured no less of it — from sixth-century Byzantine spies dressing as Persians to infiltrate the Sassanid army to Jews in World War II pretending to be Catholics to escape Nazi persecution.
The phenomenon persists because humans are dependent on identities for cooperation. To trust other people, we need a sense of how they would behave, and reputations help. Mimicry is therefore parasitic on the benefits we derive from honestly signaling our identity.
Countering mimicry is difficult because what makes or breaks an impersonation varies by context. The devil is often in the details, which is why British interrogators in WWII sought to weed out suspected German spies by testing their knowledge of pre-war cricket scores.
Some techniques have stood the test of time. The Old Testament Book of Judges relates how the Gileadites sought to identify Ephraimite pretenders by making them say “shibboleth,” a word that an Ephraimite would pronounce with an accent.
Fast forward to the start of the Ukraine war, and Ukrainians are using the word “palyanitsya” (a type of bread) as a pronunciation test for suspected Russian spies. By now, the word has likely lost its probing power.
Impersonation is a dynamic affair, with mimics and counter-mimics constantly adapting to each other’s tactics.
Technology can alter the game. A key concept in mimicry research is the hard-to-fake or costly sign. Historically, things such as faces, skin color and voices have been difficult to imitate, so when we saw a video of a politician engaged in lurid activity 25 years ago, we rarely questioned its authenticity.
This has changed with generative artificial intelligence. Earlier this year, a finance worker in Hong Kong was duped into transferring US$25 million after attending a group video call in which everyone else was synthetically created.
Deepfakes have already been deployed for war propaganda, notably in Ukraine, where fake videos of Russian President Vladimir Putin and Russian President Volodymyr Zelenskiy proliferate. Reports of operational use remain few, but that is likely to change, for we are entering a golden era of wartime mimicry in which impersonation is a threat no less powerful than the most sophisticated weapons systems.
Diego Gambetta, chair of the Social and Political Science group at Collegio Carlo Alberto in Turin, Italy, is the coauthor with Thomas Hegghammer of Fight, Flight, Mimic: Identity Mimicry in Conflict. Hegghammer is a senior research fellow in politics at the University of Oxford’s All Souls College.
Copyright: Project Syndicate
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