Jing Yuechen (景悅晨), the founder of an Internet startup in Beijing, has no interest in overthrowing the Chinese Communist Party, but these days she finds herself cursing China’s smothering cyberpolice as she tries — and fails — to browse image-sharing Web site like Flickr and struggles to stay in touch with the Facebook friends she has made during trips to France, India and Singapore.
Gmail has become almost impossible to use in China, and in recent weeks, authorities have gummed up Astrill, the software Jing and countless others depended on to circumvent the Internet restrictions that Western security analysts refer to as the Great Firewall of China.
By interfering with Astrill and several other popular virtual private networks (VPNs), China’s government has complicated the lives of Chinese astronomers seeking the latest scientific data from abroad, graphic designers shopping for clip art on Shutterstock and students submitting online applications to US universities.
Illustration: Mountain People
“If it was legal to protest and throw rotten eggs on the street, I would definitely be up for that,” Jing, 25, said.
China has long had some of the world’s most onerous Internet restrictions. However, until now, authorities had effectively tolerated the proliferation of VPNs as a lifeline for millions of people, from archeologists to foreign investors, who rely heavily on less-fettered access to the Internet.
However, last week, after a number of VPN companies, including StrongVPN and Golden Frog, complained that Beijing had disrupted their services with unprecedented sophistication, a senior Chinese official for the first time acknowledged the government’s hand in the disruptions and implicitly promised more of the same.
The move to disable some of the most widely used VPNs has provoked a torrent of outrage among video artists, entrepreneurs and professors who complain that in its quest for so-called cybersovereignty — Beijing’s euphemism for online filtering — the Chinese Communist Party is stifling the innovation and productivity needed to revive the nation’s economy amid slowing growth.
“I need to stay tuned into the rest of the world,” said Henry Yang, 25, the international news editor of a state-owned media company who uses Facebook to follow US broadcasters. “I feel like we are like frogs being slowly boiled in a pot.”
Multinational companies are also alarmed by the growing online constraints. Especially worrisome, they say, are new regulations that would force foreign technology and telecom companies to give the government “back doors” to their hardware and software and require them to store data within China.
Like their Chinese counterparts, Western business owners have been complaining about their inability to gain access to many Google Inc services since the summer last year. A few weeks ago, China cut off the ability to receive Gmail on smartphones through third-party e-mail services like Apple Mail or Microsoft Outlook.
CONSEQUENCES
The recent disabling of several widely used VPNs has made it difficult for company employees to use collaborative programs like Google Docs, although some people have found workarounds — for the time being.
“One unfortunate result of excessive control over e-mail and Internet traffic is the slowing down of legitimate commerce, and that is not something in China’s best interest,” American Chamber of Commerce in China chairman James Zimmerman said. “In order to attract and promote world-class commercial enterprises, the government needs to encourage the use of the Internet as a crucial medium for the sharing of information and ideas to promote economic growth and development.”
Chinese authorities have long had the ability to interfere with VPNs, but their interest in disrupting them has mounted alongside Beijing’s drive for cybersovereignty, especially since Chinese President Xi Jinping (習近平) came to power.
Chinese Internet regulator Lu Wei (魯煒), the propaganda official Xi appointed as Internet czar, has been unapologetic in promoting the notion that China has the right to block a wide array of online content.
A cofounder of Greatfire.org, which tracks online censorship in China, suggested that the government had decided that soaring VPN use among ordinary Chinese warranted a more aggressive attack on such software.
“This is just a further, logical step,” said the cofounder, who requested anonymity to avoid government scrutiny. “The authorities are hellbent on establishing cybersovereignty in China. If you look at what has taken place since last summer it is quite astounding.”
Chinese government officials have denied any role in blocking Google products and they have dismissed accusations that Chinese authorities were behind a “man-in-the-middle” attack on Outlook a few weeks ago, as well as earlier hacking incidents here involving Yahoo and Apple.
Such claims have mostly fallen on deaf ears, especially given Beijing’s campaign against the “hostile foreign forces” that it says are seeking to undermine the country through the Internet.
However, on Tuesday last week, a senior official at China’s Ministry of Industry and Information Technology acknowledged that the government was targeting VPNs to foster the “healthy development” of the nation’s Internet and he announced that such software was essentially illegal in China.
“The country needs new methods to tackle new problems,” Wen Ku (聞庫), a director at the ministry, said at a news conference, according to the People’s Daily.
In recent weeks, a number of Chinese academics have gone online to express their frustrations, particularly over their inability to reach Google Scholar, a search engine that provides links to millions of scholarly papers from around the world.
“It’s like we are living in the Middle Ages,” naval historian Zhang Qian (張騫) said on Sina Weibo.
In an essay that has been circulating on social media sites, one biologist described how the unending scramble to find ways around Web site blockages was sapping colleagues’ energy.
“It is completely ridiculous,” he wrote of the wasted hours spent researching and downloading VPN software that works. “For a nation that professes to respect science and wants to promote scientific learning, such barriers suggest little respect for the people actually engaged in science.”
CONTRADICTIONS
It is not just scientists who have come to depend on an unabridged Internet for their work. Prominent film critic Cheng Qingsong (程青松), a prominent film critic, said that it was increasingly difficult to stream foreign movies. Andrew Wang, a professor of translation at Beijing Language and Culture University, worried that his students would be unable carry out assignments that require them to watch English-language videos on YouTube, which has long been blocked here.
The vast majority of Chinese Internet users, especially those not fluent in English or other foreign languages, have little interest in vaulting the digital firewall. However, those who require access to an unfiltered Internet are the very people Beijing has been counting on to transform the nation’s low-end manufacturing economy into one fueled by entrepreneurial innovation.
Illustrating such contradictions, the central government last week announced a series of programs that seek to lure more international business talent by easing visa requirements and through other incentives.
“We have to focus on the nation’s strategic goals and attract high-level talent to start innovative businesses in China,” said Zhang Jianguo (張建國), director of China’s State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, who bemoaned the nation’s shortage of scientists and technology entrepreneurs.
However, those goals will not be helped by the assaults on Internet access, critics say.
University of Pennsylvania contemporary Chinese studies professor Avery Goldstein said the growing online constraints would not only dissuade expatriates from relocating to China, but could also compel ambitious young Chinese studying abroad to look elsewhere for jobs.
“If they aren’t able to get the information to do their jobs, the best of the best might simply decide not to go home,” he said.
For those who have already returned to China and who crave membership in an increasingly globalized world, the prospect of making do with a circumscribed Internet is dispiriting. Coupled with the unrelenting air pollution and the crackdown on political dissent, a number of Chinese said that the blocking of VPNs could push them over the edge.
“It is as if we are shutting down half our brains,” said Chin-Chin Wu (吳沁沁), an artist who spent almost a decade in Paris and who promotes her work online. “I think that the day that information from the outside world becomes completely inaccessible in China, a lot of people will choose to leave.”
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